End of Level Review (new curriculum)

1.  Fill in the chart. With the job description, be specific in what sets each career apart from the others.

Career / Description of Duties / Education / Job Setting
Athletic Trainer / Prevents, reconizes, evaluates, treats, provides immediate care and rehab injuries / Bachelors degree / High school
College/University
Professional
Clinic
Hospital
Military
Industry
Physical Therapist / Restore function, improve mobility, relieve pain / Masters degree / Clinics
Hospitals
Orthopedic Surgeon / Use surgical methods to investigate, preserve and restore functions to a patient's extremities or spine / MD degree (15 years) / Clinics
Hospitals
Team Physician / Family doctor who performs preseason physicals, diagnoses and over the sports med team / Family doctor
MD / clinics
Massage Therapist / Manipulate soft tissue to restore function / 9months-2 year program / Clinics
Spas
Cruise ships
Industry
Chiropractic’s
CSCS / Design exercise programs / Bachelors degree / Universities
Professional sports
Gyms

Legal Terminology

2.  Being told of all procedures and potential risks and benefits of each is __INFORMED CONSENT ______.

Give an example of how this can be demonstrated in the high school setting:

COACHES TEACHING ATHLETES, PARENT MEETINGS, CONSENT FORMS, TEACHING PROPER TECHNIQUE

3.  The failure to use reasonable care is known as :______NEGLIGENCE______.

4.  The legal responsibility to act in a prudent manner is :___LIABLITY_______.

5.  Touching someone without permission is :____BATTERY______.

6.  List preventative measures to reduce potential risks of litigation (how to not be sued).

DOCUMENT, KNOW ATHLETE MEDICAL HISTORIES, PERFORM PRE-SPORT PHYSICALS, INJURY REPORTS, CONTINUING EDUCATION, GOOD RAPPORT WITH ATHLETES AND PARENTS, CARRY LIABLITY INSURANCE

7.  Draw a person in Anatomical Position.

Then Draw arrows to indicate the following directional terms:

Superior

Inferior

Anterior

Posterior

Medial

Lateral

Ventral

Dorsal

Draw a person in supine and then prone (label each one

8.  Here is a picture with the different planes. The frontal plane is labeled for you, YOU need to label the transverse and sagittal planes.

9.  Label each directional term. Draw your own diagram for shoulder abduction and adduction, horizontal adduction and abduction, trunk flexion and eversion, inversion, plantarflexion and dorsiflextion.

Match the definition with the correct term.

10.  Acute- a. scrape away of skin

11.  Chronic b. swelling in joint

12.  Ligament c. circumstance in which injury occurs

13.  Tendon d. bleeding visible beneath skin- blue, purple, yellow

14.  Strain e. pulling apart an on moveable joint

15.  Sprain f. failure of cardiovascular system to circulate blood to vital organs

16.  Atrophy g. distal limb forced away from midline- knock kneed

17.  Abrasion h. sudden onset of injury

18.  Contusion i. c

19.  omplete displacement of bone

20.  Crepitus j. crackling sound or feeling

21.  Edema k. looseness of joint

22.  Effusion l. swelling in tissues or cavities

23.  Laceration m. connects bone to bone

24.  Reduction n. jagged cut or tear in skin

25.  Dislocation o. stretching or tear of ligament

26.  Separation p. closing of blood vessels (cold does this)

27.  Varus q. swelling composed of blood

28.  Valgus r. waste away of tissue, decrease in size

29.  Vasoconstrict s. injury happening over time, of long duration

30.  Vasodilate t. a bruise

31.  Shock u. method used to help healing

32.  Ecchymosis v. stretching or tearing of a tendon or muscle

33.  MOI w. distal limb toward midline of body- bow legged

34.  Hematoma x. opening of blood vessels (heat does this)

35.  Joint laxity y. connects muscle to bone

36.  Modality z. to bring back to a normal position

37.  What two injuries can mouth guards protect? Dental injuries and concussions

38.  When manufacturing, buying and issuing equipment the following should be considered because they can cause legal ramifications- explain why each one can lead to problems/injuries and explain what you can do to avoid legal issues with each situation:

  1. NOCSAE warning: have on each helmet- says can get hurt even if use helmet correctly. Do not use helmet as a weapon or spear
  2. Modification of equipment: do not do or do with extreme caution

c.  Proper fit and selection of equipment:

  1. Use of defective or warn out equipment: don’t do it

39.  DEFINE prophylactic. What types of prophylactic things do we do in sports medicine (list 5).

Definition: to prevent . In sports med we stretch, tape, brace, teach and modify technique…..

40.  Explain what each of the following taping procedures are/function:

  1. Anchor- base / strips of tape that allow other strips to be attatched
  2. Stirrup- verticle U
  3. Spica- figure 8
  4. Heel-lock- u pattern around ankle to lock in place

e.  Checkrein- fan or x used to immobilize

41.  Explain the following principles:

  1. Overload- a greater stress or load is required for adaptation or change to occur
  2. Periodization-dividing the training year into segments to allow for peaking of athletic performance at right time
  3. Reversibility- gradual loss of training- don’t use it you will lose it

42.  When taking the blood pressure, what does the systolic number represent? Systolic is the amount of pressure in arteries when heart is contracting (top number) diastolic is the amount of pressure in arteries when hear t is relaxing (bottom number)

43.  When improving athletic performance, several methods can be used, describe each of the following methods and for f-j give an example

  1. Interval- alternating strenuous exercise with light exercise or rest
  2. Fartlek- speedplay / alternating fast and slow running over natural terrain
  3. Circuit- series of exercise stations
  4. Continuous activity without rest (30+min)
  5. Target Heart Rate- 220-age * .5 -.85 (50-85% of Maximum heart rate (220-age)
  6. Isometric movements- contraction with no joint movement- like when push against a wall
  7. Isotonic movements- fixed weight or resistance / speed variable- example is free weights, machine weights, body weight…
  8. Closed chain- squats, lunges, push ups / exercise when distal segment is fixed
  9. Open chain- bench, biceps curl, knee extension, throwing / exercise when distal segment is freely movable
  10. Plyometrics- rapid stretching and then contracting of a muscle (utilizing stretch reflex) this exercise increases power
  11. Ballistic Stretching- stretching where you bounce
  12. Static Stretching- stretching where you hold it (static)
  13. PNF stretching- stretching where you contract a muscle before stretching it/ contract-hold or contrac-relax methods. See increase in flexibility immediately

44.  When the focus of performance enhancement is muscular strength, what are the guidelines of reps/resistance for:

  1. Speed power/ rapid movements
  2. Muscular Endurance-low resistance / high repetitions
  3. Power/Strength- high resistance/ low repetitions

45.  It is important that athlete’s nutrient needs are met daily. What are the following nutrient daily needs for:

  1. Carbohydrates- 50-60%
  2. Proteins- 10-12%
  3. Fat- less than 30%

46.  Athletes are interested in either gaining or losing weight to improve performance- what are the guidelines for:

  1. Weight Loss- minus 500 calories from daily intake (either with decrease calories or combination of decrease calories AND exercise)
  2. How many pounds is recommended to lose a week: 1-2
  3. Weight Gain: add +500 calories to daily intake combined with strength training/resistance exercise

47.  How often and how much fluid replacement is recommended while participating in exercise?

6-12 oz every 15-20 minutes

48.  Explain what a pre-event meal should be composed of- be specific. When should it be ingested?

Complex carbohydrates that are low Glycemic index

3-4 hours before (at least 1 hour before)

49.  The Female Athlete Triad has 3 components- what are they?

Decrease in caloric intake, amenorrhea and osteoporosis

Decrease caloric intake is usually because of disordered eating- anorexia or bulimia

50.  List the physiological effects for the following ergogenic aids:

  1. Stimulants:- increase CNS
  2. Steroids: increase muscle, cause organ damage, acne and anger
  3. Beta Blockers: decrease CNS, cause steadiness and relaxation
  4. Diuretics: increase urine output
  5. Human Growth Hormone: increase strength/ cause acromegaly (large extremities)
  6. Blood doping:- increase red blood cells available to carry oxygen / increase change of stroke and infection / endurance athletes do this
  7. Creatine: increase energy availability for muscles in short bouts of energy
  8. Caffeine stimulant/ increases CNS / diuretic /

51.  List the three stages of injury healing ? Acute / Subacute (repair and regeneration / Remodeling

52.  What are the symptoms of inflammation? What phase does this happen in? heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function. Occurs in the ACUTE phase

53.  How long does the Acute Phase last? 1-3 days

54.  What is scar tissue made up of and what phase does it begin? Collagen / SUBACUTE

55.  Explain Wolfs Law- what phase does this applied? tissues will align according to stresses placed upon them / Remodeling phase

56.  Compare and contrast the three classifications of injuries. 1st degree- stretching of tissues 2nd degree- partially torn tissue 3rd degree is complete rupture of tissue (pain, swelling, loss of function and integrity all get worse as degree increases)

57.  What is the acronym for the injury assessment- explain each component. HIPS / History- ask athlete questions / Inspection- observe for deformity, swelling, mannerisms… / Palpation- feel for deformity, swelling… / Special Tests-specific tests done to asses specific injury (range of motion, stress, functional, neurological, circulatory…) all steps done BILATERALLY

58.  What is PPE/BSI and how do you apply it? Personal Protective Equipment and Body Substance Isoloation. Both can be applied by washing hands, not touching fluids, wearing gloves, masks, goggles, gowns, cleaning up fluids with bleach solution

59.  What are the three types of Range of Motion and In what order do you perform them.

Active Range of Motion- athlete does completely by self (done FIRST)

Passive Range of Motion- movement done completely by examiner

Resistive Range of Motion- athlete contracts the body part while examiner

provides resistance

60.  What are functional tests? Sport specific movements done to see if athlete can return to play

61.  How do you care for minor avulsions, abrasions and lacerations? Wash / clean / cover with antibiotic and bandage

62.  What is a precaution when treating stings? allergic reaction- anaphylactic – breathing restriction- need epipen

63.  Identify a disorder caused by a fungus: TINEA / ringworm- jock itch-athletes foot

64.  Caused by a bacteria and causes pustules that crust and rupture: Impetigo

65.  This disorder is resistant to antibiotics and can be fatal: MRSA

66.  This is a red, itchy skin disorder: Eczema

67.  3 steps to control bleeding: direct pressure with gauze / pressure bandage/ check circulation

68.  Describe the treatment for shock: call 911 / elevate legs/ keep warm / NO FOOD OR WATER

69.  Steps to immobilize: do in position found / splint above and below injury / secure with snug cravats / check circulation

70.  Treatment for seizure: keep victim safe / let them have it/ do not hold down/ no not put anything in mouth / protect head with pillow or coat or blanket if can

71.  Treatment for anaphylactic shock: EPIPEN

72.  What signs and symptoms are the same for heat stroke and heat exhaustion- what is the major difference? With heat stroke the sweating mechanism shuts OFF and there is NO sweating and skin goes bright red (s/s of both are dizzy, lightheaded, nausea)

73.  How treat for nosebleed? Lean forward and pinch nose

74.  If concussions are not treated correctly what injury can occur? Explain why it can be fatal. Second impact syndrome / brain is still injured – another hit can cause brain to swell and can be fatal

75.  List 5 s/s of a concussion. Headache, dizzy, light headed, ringing in ears, nausea, confusion, amnesia, loss of consciousness, balance disturbance, difficult concentration, blurry vision, unequal pupils…..

76.  Tennis elbows common name is __Lateral epicondylitis what muscle group is involved in this injury? Wrist extensors

77.  Little league elbows common name__Medial Epicondylitis ______what muscle group is involved in this injury? Wrist flexors

78.  What is the cause of an impingement- what movement should be avoided? Pinching of soft tissue (bursa, tendons, nerves) under the acromion of scapula / overhead activity should be avoided

79.  What is the MOI for a shoulder dislocation? s/s? shoulder abduction and external rotation / flat deltoid and deformity

80.  What is the MOI for a shoulder separation? S/s? falling on outstretched hand / clavicle rides high, cant horizontally adduct arm

81.  What is the acronym for the rotator cuff muscles- list them and their actions SITS

Supraspinatus- abduction and shoulder stability

Infraspinatus- external rotation and shoulder stability

Teres Minor- external rotation and shoulder stability

Subscapularis- internal rotation and shoulder stability

82.  Draw the knee joint- include the 4 articulating bones, 4 ligaments, meniscus, and patellar tendon.

83.  What injury does a valgus force cause? MCL

84.  What injury does a varus force cause? LCL

85.  What injury does knee rotation or twisting cause? What would be signs and symptoms? Meniscus / catching and clicking of knee

86.  What is a s/s of a torn ACL? POPing / immediate swelling

87.  Morning pain in foot when step out of bed is usually indicative of what injury? Plantar fasciitis How treat this? Stretching, night splint, corticosteroids, taping, modalities

88.  Spraining the big toe is commonly called? How does this occur? Turff Toe / quick deceleration

89.  What is the medical name for shin splints? Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome How is this caused and treated? Stretching/ strengthen tibialis anterior/ new shoes/ arch supports / taping/ x train

90.  List 4 quads. Rectus Femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

91.  Where is the deltoid ligament found? Medial side of ankle

92.  What motion does the subtalar joint do? Inversion/ eversion

93.  Most common way to sprain ankle? How treat this? Inversion – RICE-

94.  Explain the Gate Control theory? What modalities apply this theory? Pain travels on slow small nerve fibers- temperature and pressure travel on fast large nerve fibers- so if you can stimulate the fast nerve fibers with temperature or pressure the PAIN perception can be lessened. Do this by rubbing an injury. Muscle Stimulation is a great example, so is thermotherapy and cryotheapy.