[Kean-Hamilton 2004, Lakoff 2005, Waldby 1995, Anderson 1991, Sakurai (Yokihiro) 1995, Takaki (Yokihiro) 1995, Jung (Yokihiro) 1995, Stern 2005, Glenn 2002, Connell 1987, 1989, McBride I 2003, Nguyen (Ong) 2005, Greenhalgh (Ong) 2005, Lederberg/Shope/Oaks 1992, Anderson 2006, Masco (Weldes) 1999, Gusterson (Weldes) 1999, Mowitt (Weldes) 1999, Lyon 2001, 2003]

[From Downloaded Articles: Greenberger 2005, Lowe 1998, Anderson 2002, Glenn 2000, Rendin 2005, Graham 2006, Lakoff 2006, Schlosser 2006, Lipschutz 1995, 1995b, 2004, Roberts 2005, Gurtov 2005, Ayerbe 2005, Vanzi 2004, Bhalla 2005, Denis 2006, Stern 1999, Ingram 2005, Harkin 1994, Banks 2003, Shim 2002, Metcalfe 1993, Feldman 2005, Bush 2006]

SOURCE and genealogy-bound are highlighted(Bolded means Chinese or other foreign sources to be sought by me)

SUMMARY IMMEDIATELY BELOW, MORE SPECIFIC DETAILS FOLLOW THAT:

FORMAL PROCESSES OF OTHERING THROUGH CITIZENSHIP, ECONOMICS, VOTING, CULTURALLY (CURRENTLY CHALLENGED BY GLOBALIZATION, TRANSNATIONALISM AND MULTIPLE CITIZENSHIPS AND CRISES OF NATIONAL IDENTITY): GENDERING OF STATE INCLUDES CULTURE OF TOUGHNESS AS WELL AS PERSONNEL/DOL DISTRIBUTIONS AND IDEOLOGICAL PRODUCTIONS (SUCH AS POLICIES MAKING WOMEN CONSUMERS OF STATE SERVICES OR CATEGORIES OF “ALIENS”); MASCULINITY OF STATE USED TO RESIDE IN BRUTE FORCE BUT NOW RESIDES IN CALCULATIVE MASCULINITY OF BUREAUCRACY (AND ADMINISTRATIVE PLUS CAPITAL COMPETITION ABROAD) ALONG WITH FEMALES DEPEND ON MALES AND MALES DEPEND ON STATE PLUS HEGEMONIC HETEROSEXUALITY. ROLE OF ANIMALITY AND RACE; CHINESE AS WOMANLY/MODEL MINORITY RACE BUT ONLY REPRESENTED BY CHINESE MEN THROUGH THE LOGICS OF WHITE HETEROSEXUAL PATRIARCHY (=CATHEXIS/PERSONALIZATION OF IDENTITY NEGOTIATION); ASIAN IMMIGRATION EMBODIES ACCEPTANCE OF LABOR INPUT BUT OTHERING IN TERMS OF LINGUISTICALLY/CULTURALLY/RACIALLY

CHANGING DEFINITIONS OF TERRORISM, THREATS TO LIFE AS WELL AS ORDER (CAPITAL); THREATS TO AMERICAN IDEOLOGY UNDERLY PURE PHYSICALITY OF FOREIGN THREATS, EXPANDED IN POST COLD WAR ERA-CAPITAL WAS ALWAYS SEEN AS TO BE SECURED IN THE COLD WAR; SURVEILLANCE SOCIETY HAS ACCELERATED SINCE 9/11, BUT EXISTED SINCE INCREASED ICT, PERCEPTION OF RISK, AND SERVES AS SOCIAL SORTING WITHIN A RISK MANAGEMENT/TECHNOLOGICALLY AUTHORITATIVE FRAME [AGAIN THE CALCULATIVE MASCULINITY], ALSO STATE CAN APPROPRIATE THE DIFFUSE SURVEILLANCES THROUGHOUT SOCIETY’S PRIVATE/CIVIL SPHERES; OPPORTUNISTIC BLEEDING OF SPHERES UNDER RUBRIC OF SECURITY AND NEED FOR TECHNICAL INTEGRATION GUIDED BY STRATEGIC LOGIC OF PREPAREDNESS DEEMPHASIZING LONG-TERM POPULATION SECURITY LOGIC OF PUBLIC HEALTH [HEALTH, BORDER PATROL, CRIMINAL PROSECUTIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTERS…]

RISK PROFILING: STRIPS AWAY CONTEXT FROM INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR; IS A HYGIENIC METHOD OF SEPARATING RISK-BEARERS AND AT-RISK VIA INFORMATION, VISUALIZES RISKS AS CONTROLLABLE THREATS. RISK DATA FOR BIOLOGICAL ATTACKS DOES NOT EXIST B/C NO STATS, AND RISK = LIKELIHOOD VIA STATS OR CAPABILITY TO CARRY OUT; THREATS = MAGNITUDE OF RISK; RISK ASSESSMENT TOO DEPENDENT ON RANDOM, BUT ATTACKS ARE NOT RANDOM

GOVERNMENT HANDLING OF EID/BT: RACIAL PROFILING MUST BE NARROW; GOVERNMENT GOES FROM INFECTIOUS DISEASE EMPHASIS TO CHRONIC DISEASE AND NOW BACK AGAIN; LOTS OF ACTS PASSED AS A RESULT OF SINGLE ACTS OF TERRORISM, ONE ACT WAS SUPPOSED TO ADDRESS DOMESTIC THREATS AND FOCUSED INSTEAD ON FOREIGN THREATS, PROGRESSIVE CRIMINALIZATION OF TERRORISM DOMESTICALLY, INCREASED SYSTEMATIZATION AND SURVEILLANCE CAPABILITIES; IMPORT OF SPECIFICATIONS OF PURPOSE OF BW RESEARCH, SOME CATERING TO BIO INDUSTRIES; IMPORT OF CITIZENSHIP STATUS RE TERRORISM; NEW DHS IS MAJOR RESHIFTING AND NOT NECESSARILY INCREASED EFFICIENCY GOAL

EPIDEMIOLOGY: INDIVIDUALISTIC, BASED ON TECHNICAL AUTHORITY OF RISK FACTORS; SUPPOSED TO CONSIDER INTERACTIONS AND NON-SCIENTIFIC FACTORS BUT ENDS UP SUBSUMING THEM IN INDIVIDUALIZED FRAME THAT PRETENDS TO BE NEUTRAL YET NEVERTHELESS IS DETERMINED BY WHAT IS EASIEST INDIVIDUALIZED AND CAN MOST EASILY BE INDIVIDUALLY CONTROLLED (RATHER THAN SOCIALLY ADDRESSED); RISK FACTORS ALSO BLACK BOX AND ARE FLEXIBLE BOUNDARY OBJECTS THAT CONFLATE AND REARRANGE RELATIONS, PRODUCING NATURALIZED YET OVERLY FLEXIBLE CATEGORIES OF SOCIAL IDENTITY (VS. WHAT ABOUT THE SOCIAL IDENTITY RELATES TO DISEASE PRODUCTION)

RECENT CHANGES IN PUBLIC HEALTH DISCOURSE: MORE ABOUT “INTENT TO HARM”, MORE “EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES”, EMPHASIS ON INTERDISCIPLINARY, GLOBAL, SENSE OF URGENCY, DUAL USE APPLIES BOTH TO HEALTH MANAGEMENT DIRECTED AT TERRORISM AND DISEASE AS WELL AS TO THE POTENTIAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE FOR GOOD AND BAD; NEOLIBERAL HEALTH CARE PROMOTION CURRENTLY CARRIES WITH IT BIOLOGICAL REDUCTIONISM, VICTIM-BLAMING, EUGENICS, AND CONCEPT OF BODY AS OBJECT OF RATIONAL ACTION [ADMINISTRATIVE MASCULINITY CONTEXTUALIZED IN TODAY’S DISCIPLINARY SOCIAL ORDER!]

HEALTH GOVERNANCE ENCOMPASSES IMPOSING OF ANY MEDICAL REGIMES ON CITIZENS FOR GOOD OF SOME LARGER WHOLE AND MASCULINE CIVIC DUTY AND HYGIENIC MORALITY (RELATES TO GENDERING OF HEALTHINESS IN RELATION TO NATION AND TO THE DETERMINATION OF PUBLIC HEALTH FORMATIONS PRIMARILY THROUGH THE LARGER SOCIAL ORDER RATHER THAN PREVAILING SCIENTIFIC THEORY), BORDER INSPECTIONS TO MAINTAIN NATIONAL HEALTH AND RACIAL MAKEUP (AND RELATES TO THREATS TO WHITE MASCULINITY), INSURGENCY RELATES TO DISEASE SURVEILLANCE, US SUBSUMES AID UNDER SECURITY AND EMPHASIZES UNILATERAL, PREDICTED, CONTROLLED SECURITY OUTCOMES, RELATIVITY OF DISEASE EMBODIMENT IN TERMS OF ASSUMPTIONS OF POWER AND CONCOMITANT CONCEPTS OF THE BODY, RACE, ETC.; DISEASE SPREAD VERY RACIALIZED IN SENSE OF DOMESTICALLY SELECTIVE RACIALIZATION OF PLACES THROUGH SANITATION AND GENERAL INTERNATIONAL WORRIES ABOUT CHANGING SOCIO-POLITICAL PRACTICES RESULTING IN DIRTY IMMIGRANTS

Theory

SCIENTIFIC AUTHORITY: “cognitive authority granted to scientific knowledge and practice…perpetuating sexism and their claims…” (according to Barbara Laslett et al., Gender and Scientific Authority)

SCIENCE CONSTRUCTS GENDERED SUBJECTIVITIES: (Summary of chapters) science in society constructs subjectivities; clinical patients are constructed as active or passive; intersection of media, sexologists, and women’s own stories construct lesbian identity; sex difference biology and other scientific claims support a societal DOL and “domestic mystique” subjectivity

~“scientism”: science as primary source of truth and all-powerful solution to social problems [Greenhalgh (Ong)]

SECURITY APPARATUS: network of elements (actors, institutions, technologies) oriented toward identifying and intervening in field of possible harms [Lakoff]

STRATEGIC LOGIC: framework that guides thinkers in developing and implementing initiatives [Lakoff]

TECHNOLOGIES:means of intervention couple to a form of knowledge [Lakoff]

CITIZENSHIP: full membership in community in which one lives (civil/freedom, political/power, social/welfare; cultural/right to cultural difference without loss of citizenship), subjects (dynastic: hierarchy of status, expressed by different legal and customary rights among subjects) vs. citizens (nation-states: social contract among citizens implying free and equal status for parties); noncitizens: aliens, slaves, women; American citizenship based on public-private and independent-dependent binaries; republican manliness of civic virtue vs. effeminacy of corruption/ignorance, women as categorically dependent and in private realm, Native Americans as uncivilized and not part of social contract; exclusion of racialized minorities via Naturalization Act of 1790 limiting right to become naturalized citizens to “free white persons”; 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was first race/ethnic barrier to immigration, 1924 was first nationality-based quotas; 1910’s new category of “aliens ineligible for citizenship” as noncitizens, Alien Land Acts prevented them from owning land; class restriction b/c had to own land to vote, in addition to bars against Natives, blacks, women [Glenn 2002]

Therapeutic Citizenship: technologies to govern populations and manage individual bodies related to increased biomedical authority [Nguyen (Ong)]

The Body: non-reductionist connection between biology and the social: social practices that construct gender relations negate natural patterns (social and biological) in a practical transformation as a continuing historical process, creating new situations and new people [Connell]

Gender: as a social structure, theorize to account for history; = practice organized in terms of, or in relation to, the reproductive division of people in male and female [Connell]

SOCIAL STRUCTURE: pattern of constraint on practice inherent in set of social relations; the 3 of which constituting institutionalization of gender are 1. labor, 2. power, 3. cathexis [Connell]

STRUCTURAL INVENTORY: of structural features of a given situation [Connell]

GENDER ORDER: historically constructed pattern of power relations between men and women and definitions of femininity and masculinity, constituted by institutions such as the State [Connell]

GENDER REGIME: state of play in sexual politics within a particular institution; e.g., State: both product and determinant of struggle, central institutionalization of social power relations:1. personnel (numbers, DOL), 2. ideological control such as birth control policy (this power also constitutes social categories of gender order, e.g. as direct consumers of state services [or of race such as “aliens”]), 3. masculine ideologies like toughness (e.g., evolution from feelings connected with war and rulership to with sex and heterosexuality); State as neutral arbiter (liberal theory of capture, oppression and number contradictions), as regulatory apparatus (Foucault, no account of interests), as class state (sex and gender for class interest), as patriarchal state (not inherently, but historically constructed in political process whose outcome is open, currently patriarchal interest embodied impersonally via bureaucracy = power + DOL); interrelationality of all 3 in recent historical developments of State: exclusion replaced by segregation and direct subordination such that hegemonic masculinity of State resided in brute force and now resides in calculative masculinity of bureaucracy, wedge between money economy and domestic economy created dependent femininity and male dependency on state, hegemonic heterosexuality; imperialist world order involved global differentiation of gender patterns along these lines [Connell]

Race

History of race: 300B.C., Aristotle’s “Hellenic race” and “barbarians mainly ethnocentric/xenophobic/spiritual, stronger interpretation of difference via Christian vs. non-Christian in 15th century and “civilized”, 18th century European expeditions made race about intellectual capacity; then Darwinism/graded geological time and comparative anatomy/phrenology to scientific racism/permanent type/races as biological units, justifying either no fear since can’t contaminate from inferiors or worry of hybridization [Anderson 1991]

~animality role in constructing whiteness and the Other [Anderson 2002]

+Gender: emasculation of ethnic minority men, ethnic/Chinese population defined as male, white stereotype of Asian as unique because lacks manhood, as womanly, effeminate and without creativity and courage (Frank Chin and Jeffery Paul Chan 1975); Asian women’s excess of womanhood and only sexual (King-Kok Cheung 1990) [Sakurai]; State as a raced and gendered entity, an arena for creating, maintaining and contesting racial boundaries and meanings; processes of racialization and engendering: representation (symbols), micro-interaction(norms), social structure (rules) [Glenn 2002], Chinese as “feminine” race in Canada, collapsing class and gender divisions among Chinese to produce Chinese race [Anderson 1991]

+heterosexuality/class: race/class identities depend upon white patriarchy which depends upon heterosexuality, commonly via personalization of identity negotiation and naturalization of hierarchy[=Connell’s cathexis] [Sakurai]

+citizenship: American citizen defined over against the Asian immigrant legally, economically, culturally; alien yellow peril, immigration exclusion acts, laws against naturalization in 1882, Asian Indians in 1917, Japanese and Koreans in 1924, Filipinos 1934, Asian social organizations threatened American political institutions’ integrity, American Orientalism connects both US expansionist interests in Asia and racialized figurations of Asian workers within US national space, contradictions of Asia threat and necessity of Asian labor force within domestic national economy; contradictions of Asian immigration: within the US nation-state w.r.t. workplaces and markets but outside of it w.r.t. linguistically, culturally, and racially; thus the immigrant always threatens the nation’s integrity; and as male; legal institutions as flexible apparatus of racialization and gendering in response to material conditions (of capitalism) [Lowe]

Challenges to citizenship: globalization (global economy characterized by rapid and unregulated flows of capital across regions), transnationalism and multiple citizenships; developed countries experience crises of national identity and predominance of non-whites in these flows; nation as less relevant entity for grounding rights and responsibilities [Glenn 2000]

Model minority: 1850’s pitted Chinese against Hawaiian workers, after Civil War, Chinese against blacks and Chinese against Irish [Takaki]; well-educated professional and managerial Chinese immigrants are whitened and assimilated into American middle class while poor Khmer welfare-dependent are blackened (Ong 2003)

Racialized Threats: large Asian immigration mid-19th c, populous by 1880; “yellow peril” developed in part from fears of Africans/Americans, coolie Chinese labor to South America, Caribbean, North America; after slavery needed new cheap labor, via coercive coolie trade and voluntary credit-ticket system (southern China undergoing turmoil—Western imperialism, foreign trade competition, Tai-ping Rebellion, internal warfare, commercialization of agriculture, natural disasters); yellow peril not just labor but also like Africans as threat to moral and social order, but different in considered more intelligent than blacks, “semi-barbarians” and also considered to be temporary residents; other Asians—Chinese Exclusion Act also served to provide other cheaper Asians [Jung]; constraints to black citizenship often applied to other racial minority groups [Glenn 2002]

China: China’s domestic goals are basis of foreign/security policy; China’s concerns with political stability and economic growth, domestic stability is maintained through cooperative and flexible response aimed at greater socio-political participation and equity, then security approaches are equally cooperative, chauvinist aspects of Chinese nationalism may have limited operational benefits in context of PRC’s view of itself as responsible power not given to regional adventurism and contrasts with Chinese pragmatism that effects management of conflict through rational institutional means and focus on absolute gains and minimizing security dilemmas [Bhalla]

National security

attacks: 1993 WTC, 1993 plot to blow up NYC landmarks, 1994 Manila plot to blow up airplanes over Pacific, 1996 bombing of KhobarTowers in Saudi Arabia, 2000 USS Cole bombing

From biowarfare to bioterrorism = protection of soldiers/specific pathogen prep to protection of civilians/proliferation of “biological threats” by type and scale, and prep; changing understanding of health threats via security perspective, mobilization of technical public health systems for security; reenvision public health, security? [Lakoff]

Terrorism: as related to ideological cause, and now based more on capability (vs. intent) [which further relies on the dichotomy of good vs. bad actors], thus, use of biosensors (non-discriminatory), profiling and 4th Amendment searches, emergency powers for special government needs and community caretaking [McBride]; any action intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants (UN High-Level Panel 2004) [Roberts]

Security: expanded in Post Cold War era to cover economic exploitation, environmental degradation, geopolitical marginalization; emphasis from USSR to asteroids, to Persian Gulf War and rogue/terrorist state; cultural production of insecurity cultural production of identities of actors[Masco (Weldes)]; security crises are constructed and reified (just look at end of Cold War thought impossible/inevitable/naturalized [Gusterson (Weldes)]; Cold War logic: interests fused with State (=military state), but post Cold War logic re disciplining biopower: crisis of anxiety re population management discourse lacking a target and a question [Mowitt (Weldes)]; Cold War surveillance already linked foreign threats to internal threats to capitalism and increased international surveillance systems; from Cold War to War on Drugs and other social ills, ideology war has become ethnicity war; Carnivore-FBI: U.S.-U.K. message interception system filtering ordinary international email/fax/phone, Echelon-international; role of media: increases fear via language “irrational” or “from outside” or “no one is safe”, replaying WTC footageand creating national sorrow [Lyon 2003]

Surveillance: an increase in subtle/routine surveillance = surveillance society, goes with increased information/communication technologies (technical logic is useful for sorting of many purposes in versatile numerical abstraction); +=mobility and consumer freedom, -=social sorting and privacy issue (but surveillance can also maintain privacy—e.g., ID and barcodes); power is redistributed diffusely (yet State can appropriate sites (has done for commercial, may do for public health?) and surveillance for one purpose is used for another), growing perception and production of risk (private sites produce categories also appropriatable and surveillance communicates/determines risk, risk probabilities as basis for exclusion, social sorting [technical authority of risk management assumes perfection and foolproof-ness of fact-checking that ignores sociality of technology (~capitalism’s risk-taking and economic adventure vs. security’s risk as danger), technical administration and coordination decreases moral accountability and contains hidden moralities: risk management is based on utilitarian moral calculus displacing generosity, guilt, fairness]), mediates relationships in place of traditional modes of integration, related to neoliberal governmentality relying on database management of private sectors and bureaucracy/administration of mid-19th century [Lyon 2001]; post 9-11 surveillance: Pentagon’s “Total Information Awareness” scheme (DHS pushing institutionalization) where government can access pre-9/11 commercial data mining technology; emphasis on new technologies (biometrics, ID cards, video CCTV, communication wiretaps and web-based; DARPA 1960’s: large scale cutting-edge computer development) [technical authority] which produce as much insecurity, globalization of surveillance systems (airline passenger data, internet communication, police data), (surveillance reifies people as risk groupsand naturalizes those surveilled as terrorists), social sorting = risk profiling of Muslims/Arabs (liberties vs. security binary is a by-product); language of security and risk strips away social and legal context of individual behavior; culture of suspicion, secrecy (increases Othering) and neoliberal citizen surveilling! [Lyon 2003]; import of Othering discourse in security [Lipschutz 1995b]

Actuarial gaze: hygienic focus on medicalized body fearing contamination of 19th century turns into compulsive visual consumption of risk/threat/catastrophe hygienically classified as dualistically separated risk-bearers and at-risk spectators in the form of containable information and constrainable bodies; risk imaging in post 911 American produces spectator/consumer of risk and threat; views threats and prophylaxis of with hierarchical distance from everyday life structures in favor of prognostics of expert knowledge and Enlightenment metaphors of achievable social transparency, and forensic penetration/visualization(surveillance and targeting) has become the mode of addressing threats when materialized via catastrophic events, the identification, management and mass marketing of risk, and risk is born by bodies, what is rendered visible or not (e.g., collateral damage is not) [Feldman]