DUAL CREDIT QUESTIONS

PART 3

  1. _____ refers to acts that are not universally regarded as criminal; they are criminal because the legislature has designated them as crimes.
  1. Felony
  2. Mala prohibita
  3. Mala in se
  4. Mens rea
  1. In the United States, the most common organization of criminal justice is one consisting of three institutions:
  1. Courts, law enforcement, corrections
  2. Probation/parole, law enforcement, courts
  3. Courts, corrections, investigations
  4. Law Enforcement, corrections, parole
  1. A crime may be defined as:
  1. Conduct in violation of the criminal laws without jurisdiction or excuse
  2. Act or omission prohibited by law for the protection of the public, the violation of which is prosecuted by the state in its own name and punishable by incarceration
  3. Act or omission prohibited by civil law for the protection of the individual
  4. Conduct in violation of the Constitution and/or due process rights
  1. The use of force or fear to take personal property belonging to another against that person’s will:
  1. Person
  2. Property
  3. Both person and property
  4. Neither person nor property
  1. Who is often referred to as the father of modern policing?
  1. August Vollmer
  2. Bruce Smith
  3. O.W. Wilson
  4. Allan Pinkerton
  1. Identify the English system in which families were organized into a tithing (10 families) and a hundred (10 tithings) for purposes of protecting each other, as well as enforcing laws:
  1. Watch
  2. Frankpledge
  3. Shire Reeve
  4. Bow Street Runners
  1. _____ is a goal-oriented strategic management process that uses computer technology, operational strategy, and managerial accountability to structure the manner in which a police department provides crime-control services:
  1. Community-Oriented policing
  2. COPS
  3. COMSTAT
  4. POPS
  1. Which amendment of the U.S. Constitution prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures?
  1. First
  2. Second
  3. Fourth
  4. Seventh
  1. Police must be able to question suspects, but that need to question must be balanced with the _____ Amendment provision that no person “shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.”
  1. Fifth
  2. Fourteenth
  3. First
  4. Sixth
  1. The act of taking an individual into custody in order to make a criminal charge against that person is _____.
  1. Custody
  2. Stop and frisk
  3. Arrest
  4. Seizure
  1. Any item (such as weapons, alcohol, or other drugs), possession of which is illegal or violates the prison rules is known as:
  1. Criminal elements
  2. Prohibited items
  3. Illegal attributes
  4. Contraband
  1. An action by a law enforcement officer consisting of patting down or running one’s hands quickly over a person’s body to determine whether the suspect has a weapon or other contraband:
  1. Frisk
  2. Arrest
  3. Intrusion
  4. Body search
  1. The rule stemming from ______which stipulates that anyone in custody for an offense that might result in jail or prison term must be warned of certain rights before any questioning by law enforcement officials occurs. These rights include the right to remain silent, to be told that anything said can and will be held against the suspect, the right to counsel (which will be appointed if the suspect cannot afford to retain private counsel), and the right to cease talking at any time.
  1. Jones v. New York
  2. Mapp v. Ohio
  3. Miranda v. Arizona
  4. United States v. Miranda
  1. Facts and circumstance that lead to the reasonable belief that the items sought are located in a particular place; or in arrest cases, the facts and circumstances lead to the reasonable belief that the suspect has committed a crime:
  1. Reasonable suspicion
  2. Investigative information
  3. Determinate facts
  4. Probable cause
  1. ______is a court-issued writ authorizing a law enforcement officer to search a person, personal property, or a place.
  1. Arrest warrant
  2. Seizure warrant
  3. Search warrant
  4. Affidavit
  1. ______was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that under the Fourth Amendment, when a law enforcement officer is pursuing a fleeing suspect, he or she may use deadly force only to prevent escape if the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a significant threat or serious physical injury to the officer or others.
  1. Mapp v. Ohio
  2. Tennessee v. Garner
  3. Graham v. Connor
  4. Miranda v. Arizona
  1. How many Justices sit on the U.S. Supreme Court?
  1. 10
  2. 8
  3. 7
  4. 9
  1. The stage in a judicial proceeding in which a higher court is asked to review a decision of a lower court.
  1. Verdict
  2. Appeal
  3. Review
  4. Judicial review
  1. The term ______literally means “let the decision stand.” The doctrine that courts will abide by or adhere to the rulings of previous court decisions when deciding cases having substantially the same facts:
  1. Stare decision
  2. Judicial review
  3. Writ of certiorari
  4. Stare decisis
  1. A writ is an order from a court giving authority for an act to be done or ordering that it be done; a ______is used by courts that have discretion to determine which cases they will hear. It is used most commonly today by the U.S. Supreme Court when cases are appealed to that Court from lower courts:
  1. Writ of certiorari
  2. Writ of habeas corpus
  3. Writ of a wrong
  4. Writ of review
  1. The ______to the U.S. Constitution provides that “in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right…to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense.”
  1. Tenth Amendment
  2. Fourteenth Amendment
  3. Sixth Amendment
  4. Fifth Amendment
  1. The due process clause of the ______specifies that states may not deny life, liberty, or property without due process of law.
  1. Tenth Amendment
  2. Fourth Amendment
  3. Sixth Amendment
  4. Fifth Amendment
  1. A legal motion requesting the disclosure of information held by the opposing counsel and intended for use in the forthcoming trial:
  1. Objection
  2. Ruling
  3. Discovery
  4. Motion

24. Technically, a written court order requiring that the accused be taken to court to determine the legality of custody and confinement. Also refers to writs that inmates file regarding the alleged illegality of their confinement or the conditions of that confinement:

  1. Habeas corpus
  2. Writ
  3. Writ of certiorari
  4. Indictment

25. The process of negotiation between the defense and the prosecution before or during the trial of a defendant; the process may involve reducing or dropping some charges or a recommendation for leniency in exchange for a plea of guilty on another charge or charges.

  1. Plea bargaining
  2. Motion
  3. Discovery
  4. Trial

26. The right to a speedy trial is embodied in the ______Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.

  1. First
  2. Second
  3. Sixth
  4. Fifth

27. To speak the truth; the process of questioning prospective jurors to determine their qualifications and desirability for serving on a jury; jury selection:

  1. Voir dire
  2. Preliminary hearing
  3. Peremptory challenge
  4. Selection ad litem

28. Punishment that requires an offender to repay the victim with services or money; this punishment may be imposed instead of, or in addition to, other punishment or fines and may be a requirement of parole:

  1. Restitution
  2. Fine
  3. Imprisonment
  4. Arrest

29. Which of the following is often cited as the first U.S. penitentiary?

  1. Eastern Penitentiary
  2. Western Penitentiary
  3. Auburn Prison
  4. The Walnut Street Jail

30. Similarities between the adult justice system and the juvenile justice system include:

  1. The right to a jury trial
  2. Hearings must be open to the public
  3. Proof beyond a reasonable doubt
  4. Dependents are required to testify

31. The first stage of the juvenile pretrial procedures is:

  1. Intake
  2. Diversion
  3. Waiver
  4. Detention

32. A(n) ______hearing is the process through which a juvenile court determines whether there is sufficient evidence to support the initial petition.

  1. Adjudication
  2. Discretionary
  3. Disposition
  4. Diversionary

33. The ______stage in the juvenile court is similar to the trial stage in adult court.

  1. Adjudication
  2. Discretionary
  3. Disposition
  4. Diversionary

34. The law of retaliation/retribution was also known as ______.

  1. Lexus maximum
  2. Lexus gratuitous
  3. Lex talionis
  4. Lex retributus
  5. None of the above

35. If you were a visitor to the early prisons developed in this country, and you observed inmates working together in a large room in complete silence, you would conclude that this prison was designed under the ______system.

  1. Connecticut
  2. Delaware
  3. Pennsylvania
  4. Auburn

36. The religious group implemented humanistic ideas in America and influenced correctional reform was the ______.

  1. Lutherans
  2. Quakers
  3. Mennonites
  4. Baptists

37. According to ______, the hedonistic calculus principle stated that people search for pleasure and avoid pain; therefore, the less certain the punishment, the more severe it must be in order to have a deterrent effect.

  1. Karl Marx
  2. Cesare Beccaria
  3. John Howard
  4. Jeremy Bentham

38. The major goals of the criminal justice system in general and prisons are:

  1. Rehabilitation
  2. Deterrence
  3. Incapacitation
  4. Retribution
  5. All of the above

39. Which of the following jail architectural designs would be referred to as the “new generation” jail?

  1. Linear intermittent
  2. Pod
  3. Tier
  4. None of the above

40. The majority of women who are in prison or jail are there for______.

  1. Violent crimes against children.
  2. Nonviolent drug and property crimes.
  3. Prostitution.
  4. Crimes against person.

41. What can be said to be true regarding the growing population of prisoners who are 55 years or older?

  1. Such inmates are unlikely to commit more crimes and the cost to keep them in prison will increase due to health care issues
  2. They continue to be a stabilizing force within their prison communities
  3. They are typically cheaper to imprison as they are not a security threat
  4. They are more likely to have been involved in drug sales within the prison

42. For the last 25 years, many states have built new prisons to house their most dangerous prisoners. These facilities have been called ______prisons.

  1. Supermax
  2. Maximum security
  3. New “Alcatraz”
  4. None of the above

43. Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibits “excessive bail”?

  1. Eighth
  2. Sixth
  3. Fifth
  4. Fourth

44. In which landmark case did the Court hold that the use of peremptory challenges against potential jurors in criminal cases violated the U.S. Constitution if the challenges were based solely on race?

  1. J.E.B. v. Alabama
  2. Batson v. Kentucky
  3. Powers v. Ohio
  4. Georgia v. McCollum

45. Which case halted the implementation of the death penalty because its application was viewed as arbitrary, capricious, and discriminatory?

  1. In re Gault
  2. Schall v. Martin
  3. Furman v. Georgia
  4. Coker v. Georgia
  5. Gregg v. Georgia

46. An offender is sentenced to 25 years to life for a third “strike” offense. The offender appeals the sentence on the grounds that such a length sentence is excessively harsh for the particular offense he/she committed. Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution is relevant to the offender’s claim?

  1. First
  2. Fourth
  3. Sixth
  4. Eighth

47. Probation is ordered by the ______, while parole is perceived as an extension of the ______.

  1. Probationary board; parole board
  2. Victim; community corrections system
  3. Investigating police officer; courts
  4. Court; prison system

48. ______is when an inmate serves his/her sentence in the community under strict supervision and guidelines to avoid jail time.

  1. Probation
  2. Parole
  3. Diversion
  4. All of the above
  5. None of the above

49. Violations of the conditions of parole (other than an arrest for a criminal offense) are referred to as ______.

  1. Technical violations
  2. Mandatory violations
  3. Serious violations
  4. Supervisory violations

50. Which of the following statements about jails is false?

  1. The number of males sentenced to jail is growing much faster than the number of females sentenced to jail.
  2. Jails are short term confinement facilities.
  3. Jails are overcrowded.
  4. Jails transfer inmates to federal, state, or other authorities.

51. An offender sentenced to serve three years on burglary and also three years on theft. He is ordered to serve his sentence consecutively. This offender will serve ______years in prison.

  1. 3
  2. 6
  3. 9
  4. 12

52. Which of the following groups has been hardest hit by the expansion of corrections?

  1. African American females
  2. Hispanic males
  3. White males
  4. African American males

53. The Latin term for when a prosecutor dismisses charges is ______.

  1. Non sequitor
  2. Writ of certiorari
  3. Corpus dilecti
  4. Nolleprosequi

54. The right to self-representation is also referred to by the Latin term “______”.

  1. Mala in se
  2. Pro se
  3. Pro bono
  4. Mens rea

55. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of civil law?

  1. The injured party brings the claim
  2. It addresses injuries to individuals
  3. The standard of proof is by a preponderance of the evidence
  4. It addresses acts considered harmful to society as a whole

56. For the U.S. Supreme Court to review a case, ______justices must vote to approve hearing the case.

  1. 2
  2. 8
  3. 4
  4. 9

57. During the ______, the felony defendant is formally accused of a crime and is called upon to enter a plea.

  1. Initial appearance
  2. Preliminary hearing
  3. Arraignment
  4. Sentencing phase

58. What is the burden of proof in a criminal trial?

  1. Beyond a reasonable doubt
  2. Probable cause
  3. Preponderance of the evidence
  4. Clear and convincing evidence

59. A(n) ______jury is one in which the jury members are irreconcilably divided in their opinions that they cannot reach a verdict.

  1. Decided
  2. Hung
  3. Sequestered
  4. Unanimous

60. WHat is the formal decision rendered by the jury?

  1. Indictment
  2. Information
  3. Verdict
  4. Opinion

61. The ______function of the court is concerned with protecting the rights of individual citizens against the power of the state.

  1. Due process
  2. Crime control
  3. Rehabilitation
  4. Bureaucratic

62. During the ______, the defendant appears before a judge or magistrate, who decides whether the evidence presented is sufficient for the case to proceed to trial.

  1. Arraignment
  2. Booking
  3. Initial appearance
  4. Preliminary hearing

63. If the grand jury finds that probable cause exists, it issues a(n):

  1. Discovery
  2. Examination
  3. Indictment
  4. Information

64. All but which of the following are ways the police can contact citizens?

  1. Consent
  2. Detention based on reasonable suspicion
  3. Detention or arrest based on probable cause
  4. All of the above are ways police can contact citizens

65. The advocates of which perspective of justice would strongly favor the use of the death penalty?

  1. The restorative justice perspective
  2. The crime control perspective
  3. The due process perspective
  4. THe socialism perspective

66. If crime rates were spread evenly across the social structure, crime would probably not be linked to what?

  1. Intelligence
  2. Personality
  3. Socialization and family values
  4. Class position or income

67. What is the greatest deterrent to crime according to choice theory?

  1. The threat of punishment
  2. The gains of law-abiding activity
  3. The social reprimands of significant others
  4. The social costs of criminal behavior

68. The National Crime Victimization Survey is an example of what type of crime measurement resource?

  1. Observation data
  2. Offender data
  3. Survey data
  4. Records data

69. What agency is responsible for the operation of the National Crime Information Center?

  1. The DEA
  2. The FBI
  3. The INS
  4. The BJS

70. The social process theory of crime causation presumes what?

  1. Stratification in society causes criminal behavior
  2. People learn to commit crime from exposure to others who commit crime
  3. The underclass commit crime
  4. The rich and powerful define crime

71. What is the main thesis of the social structure theory of crime causation?

  1. Criminal behavior patterns represent acquired knowledge that is reinforced when others’ behavior appears to be rewarded by crime
  2. Deviant values are passed down from one generation to the next
  3. Schools contribute to criminality when they label youth as deviant
  4. Crime is a result of class stratification or social disorganization each of which are revealed in our communities

72. Why do people become violent according to proponents of biological theory?

  1. They model their behavior after others and have that behavior reinforced or rewarded
  2. They are born with a predisposition towards violence as a consequence of genetics
  3. They suffer damage to their egos and superegos at an early age
  4. They base their actions on faulty information from their environment

73. A criminological theory stating signs of urban decay (e.g. abandoned buildings, unrepaired structures, graffiti) signal that an area is not monitored, encouraging more destructive criminal behavior.

  1. Labelling theory
  2. Strain theory
  3. Culture conflict theory
  4. Broken windows theory

74. Which of the following is not one of the deprivations or pains of imprisonment noted in a classic study by Gresham Sykes?

  1. Loss of freedom
  2. Loss of goods and services
  3. Loss of the right to vote and to serve on juries
  4. Loss of autonomy

75. Which philosophical ideal is at the heart of the Classical School?

  1. Freedom
  2. Reintegration
  3. Deterrence
  4. Rehabilitation
  5. None of the above

76. The ______model suggests that retribution justifies punishment because people ought to be punished for past deeds.

  1. Deterrence
  2. Just desserts
  3. Situational crime prevention
  4. Incapacitation

77. The General Theory of Crime argues that ______is the key predictor of criminality.

  1. Delinquent peers
  2. Weak social bonds
  3. Low self-control
  4. Differential opportunity

78. ______theory holds that crime is a function of the conflict between the goals of the lower class and what they can realistically hope to achieve

  1. Robertian
  2. Strain/anomie
  3. Radical
  4. Parallel

79. What are the two major sources of crime statistics?

  1. NCIC and self-report surveys
  2. UCR and NCIC
  3. NCVS and UCR
  4. Conviction rates and self report surveys

80. ______are generally more serious than ______, but less serious than ______.

  1. Misdemeanors; infraction, felonies
  2. Felonies; misdemeanors, infractions
  3. Misdemeanors, felonies, infractions
  4. Infractions, misdemeanors, felonies

81. Which of the following is most concerned with the study of the causal explanations of crime?

  1. Criminal justice
  2. Criminology
  3. Deviance
  4. Penology
  5. None of the above

82. An airline pilot knowingly allows a flight attendant to transport drugs on the airplane and keeps silent in exchange for sexual favors. This is a crime because it demonstrates:

  1. Actus reus
  2. Mens rea
  3. Corpus delicti
  4. Stare decisis

83. Part 1 crimes are also referred to a ______and include murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, motor vehicle theft, larceny, and ______.

  1. Indices; embezzlement
  2. Indices; arson
  3. Index crimes; arson
  4. Index crimes; embezzlement

84. Most reported crimes occur during the warm summer months of July and August.

  1. True
  2. False

85. Which model emphasizes the efficient arrest and conviction of criminal offenders?