Motivation
Drive Reduction Theory –
primary drives
secondary drives
Reason – we seek homeostasis
Arousal theory – each person has optimal level
Yerkes-Dodson Law (perform easy task well with high level of arousal, difficult task poorly – similar to social facilitation)
Incentive theory – we are drawn to rewards because of learning
Maslow’s hierarchy – we are motivated to self actualization
Lowest – physiological needs
Then safety, belongingness & love, esteem
Highest – self-actualization
Hunger motivation
Stimulate lateral hypothalamus – get hungry
Stimulate ventromedial hypothalamus – feel full
Set-point theory – hypothalamus seeks optimal body weight, sends hunger signals when we drop below a certain weight, also triggers a lower metabolic rate when we’re hungry
Psychological factors: internals/externals
disorders: bulimia (binge/purge)
anorexia nervosa (starve to below 85% of normal body weight)
Social motivation
Achievement motivation
Extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation
Management theory
Theory X – rewards & punishment
Theory Y – intrinsic motivation
Conflict in motivation
approach-approach conflict
avoidance-avoidance conflict
approach-avoidance conflict
Emotion
James-Lange theory – 1st physiological change, then emotion
Cannon-Bard – simultaneous experience of physiology & emotion
Schachter’s two-factor theory – Similar to James-Lange, adds cognition
Selye’s general adaptation syndrome
Alarm – resistance – exhaustion
Result – stress disorders (somatization)
T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes – suppression
Testing
Standardized – given to representative group
norms established
Reliable – results can be repeated
split-half reliability
equivalent-form reliability
test-retest reliability
Valid – measures what it’s supposed to measure
content validity
face validity
criterion-related validity
concurrent validity (person has characteristic now)
predictive validity (predicts future performance)
construct validity (pulls all together – best)
Types of tests
achievement
aptitude
Intelligence
fluid
crystallized
Spearman – g factor
Thurston – seven intelligences
Gardner – multiple intelligence
linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, kinesthetic,
intrapersonal, interpersonal, natural
Goleman – EQ
Sternberg – triarchic theory (analytical, experiential or creative, practical)
IQ tests
Binet – concept of mental age (wanted to help struggling students)
Terman – used Binet’s ideas to create Stanford-Binet test
mental age/chronological age = IQ
Wechsler – WAIS, WISC (deviation IQ, based on norms)
mean IQ=100, standard deviation = 15
Nature vs. nurture & IQ
Heritability – how much a trait’s variation in a given population is explained by heredity (ranges from 0 to 1)
Flynn effect – intelligence test scores have steadily risen in the 20th century
Twin research supports idea that intelligence has hereditary component