P5 | APUSH |Wiley | Civil War: Note Guide, D___ Name:

Review of Causes

Questions to Consider

  1. What should the conflict be referred to as?
  2. The War of Northern Aggression
  3. The Civil War
  4. The War of Southern Independence
  5. The War of the Rebellion
  6. Was the war an irrepressible conflict?

Answer both questions:

War Begins

  • Davis: Confederacy would be forced to “appeal to arms . . . if . . . the integrity of our territory and jurisdiction [is] assailed.”
  • Lincoln: “The power confided to me will be used to hold, occupy, and possess the property and places belonging to the government.”
  • Fort Sumter (a ______) was claimed by both sides; dangerously low on supplies
  • After alerting the SC governor, Lincoln sent ______ Confederacy opened fire  Fort Sumter surrendered  mobilization for war began
  1. Do you think Lincoln wanted the war to start, based on what occurred here at Fort Sumter? Why or why not?
  1. What would you have done had you been in Lincoln’s position? Why? Could you see a better alternative to what was chosen?

War from the Northern Perspective / War from the Southern Perspective
•In 1861, the North was fighting to ______, not end slavery, despite what the ______claimed
•While some Northerners were opposed to slavery, nearly all were strongly antiblack

Strengths/Weaknesses of North & South

  • Both sides benefitted from ______and patriotism but would later be forced to enact ______for military service

North / South
•______South’s population
•______industrial capacity
•______almost all of the nation’s firearms, railroads, cloth, footwear
•Dominance in foreign trade
•Initial strategy: cautious goal of naval blockade; evolved strategy: total war
•______supremacy
•Untrained troops
•Harder job of having to compel Confederacy to admit defeat / •Better trained ______(though this would diminish as the war progressed)
•Nature of the struggle gave the South the initial advantage: for the South this would be a defensive war; the North would have to invade and then control the Confederacy in order to force the states back into the Union
Key Generals
Ulysses S. Grant, Union / Robert E. Lee, Confederacy
•Top Union general, rising from modest rank in the military
•Both praised and criticized for his willingness to fight and ______
•Forced the surrender of the Confederacy after laying siege to General Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia
•Became the ______; his administration was scarred by scandal / •______
______
•Surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House, ending the Civil War
•In the years following the war he ______Confederate monuments and the Confederate flag

Border States & Civil Liberties

  • Border slave states that remained in the Union and controlled vital assets = ______
  • To keep these states in the Union, and suppress Northern “Peace Democrats,” Lincoln violated(?) civil rights
  • Held accused ______
    ______at various intervals
  • ______: “The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.”
  1. Were Lincoln’s actions justifiable? Why or why not?

Organizing for War
Union / Confederacy
•Federal government ______a few years before
•Borrowed $2.6 billion; collected first income tax; increased the tariff; chartered corporations to build railroads
•Passed ______: provided homesteads with 160 acres of free land in exchange for improving the land within five years of the grant
•Passed the ______of 1862: gave states public land that would allow them to finance colleges
•Highlights the Federalist and ______origins of the party / •The Confederacy ______and faced a number of key challenges:
•Financing the war: the states refused to pay taxes
•Exemptions for plantation owners and lavish payment for substitutes ______
•Lack of support from Europe
•Starvation on the homefront
•High levels of ______
•Davis’s leadership style

Native Americans & the Civil War

  • While Indians were divided, more supported the ______
  • Some, like the “Civilized Tribes,” had more ______with the South
  • Confederacy offered them some representation in the Confederate Congress if they joined their cause
  • After the Civil War, this fact would be ______

African Americans during the War

  • Southern runaways (“______”) helped the Union from the onset of the war; by 1865, nearly ______of all slaves had fled to Union lines
  • Overwhelming response of black slaves, and free blacks in the North, ______
  • Northern opinion was divided on the slavery question; nearly all were antiblack and fearful of what emancipation would bring (______?! ______?!)

Emancipation Proclamation, 1862-3

  • Lincoln designed the Emancipation Proclamation as a ______
  • Its preliminary issuance in 1862 ______
  • The South decided to keep fighting which resulted in the 1863 proclamation, freeing Confederate slaves, but ______states
  • Objectives of the proclamation:
  • Weaken the Confederacy by taking their resources
  • Prevent European intervention
  • Allow black soldiers to ______
  1. What would have happened if the South had surrendered after Lincoln’s 1862 warning? How would history be different?
  2. Is it better to think of the proclamation as a “war measure” or a genuine attempt to free some (though not all) that were in bondage?

The 13th Amendment, 1865

  • Passed during ______of the war
  • See Lincoln Viewing Guide
  • Is said to have made little difference on the lives of blacks in the South, due to ______/ discrimination
  1. When, if at all, do you suspect this amendment would have been passed and added to our Constitution had the South not chosen secession?

Surrender at Appomattox, 1865

  • By the spring of 1865, public support for the war had ______
  • The South lacked unity, faced starvation, inflation, etc.
  • Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House
  • Troops were given parole
  • ______, hoping to set up a new government; was captured a few weeks after the surrender

Saying Goodbye to Lincoln

  • In his last public address, Lincoln gave his support to ______(for veterans and the educated)
  • ______was in the audience, reporting, “That means n----- citizenship. . . . That is the last speech he will ever make.”
  • Lincoln was shot while at Ford’s Theater, April 14; he passed the next morning

John Wilkes Booth

  • Avoided detection for 2 weeks before being ______
  • Those that conspired with him were hanged
  • He was ______of the South

Lincoln & Slavery

  • A key, unresolved question: Was Lincoln the Great Emancipator or a reluctant one?
  1. Record some of the different perspectives offered on this slide:
  2. Based on what you know and have learned thus far, which of the perspectives sounds the most valid? Why?

Cost of War

  • Approximately 700,000 soldiers killed
  • ______
  • The South ______
  • Agriculture, towns, cities destroyed by the Union army
  • Economic cost at around ______billion
  • Military supplies, railroads, land grants, Reconstruction

Impacts of the War

  • Led to the ______Amendments, arguably much sooner than they would have otherwise been passed
  • ______power
  • Further ______the South
  • Established a pattern of regionally divided two-party politics
  • Put a [small] dent in white racism in some states and cities in the North and West while arguably increasing racism in the South
  • Spurred technological advancement
  • Settled(?) the question of secession
  1. The war is said to have settled the question of secession. Do you agree? Could you ever foresee the issue of secession threatening the U.S. again? Why or why not?

Civil War Amendments

  • To many, the “Civil War Amendments” seemed like only ______
  • Would not have a significant impact on the lives of blacks in the South for another ______

Post-Civil War Overview

  • How to restructure the nation? Slavery was abolished and federal government’s supremacy was confirmed, but what now?
  • Problems: ______
  • What to do with the ______million newly freed slaves?
  • How to integrate the ______?
  • Complicating the process was the fact that Lincoln’s successor, ______, and members of Congress had very different ideas about how Reconstruction should be handled and what Union victory would mean

The Lost Cause

  • In the immediate aftermath of the war, the South ______of the war
  • Provided a ______of the war so as to preserve honor
  • The South fought nobly against the tyrannical North, who acted as the aggressor
  • Fueled by literature and sermons of the time, rituals honoring veterans, and the construction of Confederate ______

“It has come to my attention that some of our former Confederate comrades are . . . spreading tales of what our cause for fighting was all about. [They are] attempting to convince others that our cause was in defense to the rights of the states and not about the ownership of the negro slave. . . . South Carolina went to war as she said in her Secession proclamation because slavery would not be secure under Lincoln. South Carolina ought to know what was the cause for her seceding!”—Confederate General Mosby, 1907

  1. Why do you suspect that Southerners were, and often still “[spread] tales of what [their] cause for fighting was all about”? Is it understandable that they would do this? Can you think of any other time in history this has been done?

1