Slide 2.2E: Fight For Liberty
Summary of Slide: Father Miguel Hidalgo is shown leading a revolt against the Spanish rulers of Mexico.
History: In the beginning of the 1800’s, Mexico continued to have socioeconomic stratification, or ______, based on skin color and ______. At the bottom of society were the ______. Next, were the ______. The upper class were the ______, or people of pure Spanish decent. These people were very wealthy. At the top of the social hierarchy were the ______. These people were actually born in ______.
On Sept. 16, ______, Father Miguel Hidalgo, a leader of a small church community consisting of ______and ______, declared Mexico’s ______from Spain. Hidalgo was supported by a large segment of the ______. In 1811, Father Hidalgo was killed and the Indians and mestizos now controlled the ______. The next leader of the revolution was Jose Maria Morelos, who stood for: 1) social ______2) male ______3) ______government 4) distribution of ______lands.
The criollos, finally gained ______from Spain in 1821. Unfortunately; however, none of the ______(changes) proposed by Morelos or the Indians were ______.
Slide 2.2F: Juarez and the Fall of the Empire
Summary of Slide: The face of Benito Juarez, the first leader to bring significant legal reform to Mexico, is shown. He is surrounded by images of the struggles that led to those changes.
History: Benito Juarez was a Zapotec Indian from Oaxaca, Mexico. He is considered one of Mexico’s ______leaders. He dedicated his life to helping the ______and protecting them against ______in the church.
During his life, Mexico’s liberal class was expressing ______with Mexico’s military dictator – Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. The liberal class was also upset with the ______, because they controlled ______, education, and ______. In 1855, the liberals were successful in ______Santa Anna. They created a constitutional ______that included: 1) freedom of ______, 2) freedom of ______and press, and 3) some controls over the ______.
Because the church and the military were opposed to these new ideas, this led to the ______, a bloody civil war between conservatives and liberals. In 1861, the liberals won the war. At this point, Juarez was elected ______of Mexico.
Napoleon of France, wanted to control all of Latin America, including ______. The Mexicans defeated the French on May 5, 1862. Later; however, the French were victorious over the Mexicans. Archduke Maximilian, of ______became Emperor of Mexico.
Many Mexicans, including Juarez, ______being controlled by a foreign emperor. In 1867, his forces took back ______and executed Maximilian. Juarez then continued to rule Mexico, until his death in ______.
Slide 2.2G: Revolution Against Porfirian Dictatorship
Summary of Slide: Porfirio is shown, surrounded by the fashionable clothing of European society to which he aspired to be.
History: After Juarez’s death, in 1872 Porfirio Diaz came to ______. Diaz inherited a country filled with ______and ______problems. Diaz decided that he needed to rule over Mexico with an ______fist, and ruled as a dictator for 34 years.
Diaz focused on ______and industry. He invited foreign investors to Mexico. With this, Mexico was able to build ______, revolutionize ______, improve ports and cities, introduce new ______techniques, and begin new ______industries. Unfortunately, the ______from these new industries went to ______companies and a few ______Mexican people.
As a result, the lives of most Mexicans did not ______. Most lost their ______, became ______and malnourished. In 1910, a revolt broke out against Diaz. Diaz resigned and the ______had begun.
Slide 2.2H: History and Perspective of Mexico
Summary of Slide: The mural shows the forced used by the government of Porfirio Diaz to control the peasants’ dissatisfaction as they endured slave-like conditions on large haciendas (ranches).
History: Diaz used ______or government forces, to enforce “peace.” This was necessary because many peasants rose up or ______against Diaz. During Diaz’s dictatorship, the peasants were forced to live like ______. Traditionally, the peasants had owned and farmed their own ______, some with a community or ______of people. Under Diaz, peasants were laborers and ______on the hacienda owners for all of their necessities.
After 100 years of independence, Mexicans only had ______of what they had to eat in 1810. This dissatisfaction lead to the Mexican ______in 1910, which took Porfirio Diaz out of ______.
Slide 2.2I: The Trench
Summary of the Slide: Here, soldiers sacrifice themselves for the revolution.
History: Francisco Madero began to plan a ______. On Nov. 20, 1910, others joined him, exclaiming: “______” (“Long Live the Revolution!”)
After six months of fighting, the Mexican ______succeeded in weakening ______troops. On May 25, 1911, Diaz resigned. Francisco Madero took ______.
Madero faced a lot of violence. He was ______by a military coup, including his own general. A new man was named ______, Venustiano Carranza. This however, didn’t last long, and in 1920, Alvaro Obregon was elected president. His presidency brought ______and the power of the ______, which has ruled Mexico since 1921.
Slide 2.2J: Land Distribution:
Summary of Slide: Here, we see the redistribution of land that resulted from the Mexican Revolution.
History: One of the best results of the revolution, was the ______of land. This was given to the landless ______, in the form of ______(plots of land owned by the government, but given to the peasants). Other results included: 1) protection of ______workers and 2) ______freedoms.
The national culture of Mexico was changed too. Now, Mexicans looked at their ______roots. Mexican heroes were now ______and ______, replacing European ones.
Mexico’s next president was Lazaro Cardenas, elected in ______. He continued to work on ______reform.
Problems that still existed in Mexico:
1) Ejidos was made up of ______farm land
2) PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) controlled voting and smothered ______
3) Corruption marked much of Mexico’s ______
4) Indians were still poorly ______
5) Many Mexicans had to leave the countryside and move to the ______for work