Chapter 11- Sound
I. The Nature of Sound
A. All sounds are caused by something that ______.
1. ______—formed when a vibrating object collides with air molecules,
transferring energy to them
2. Compressional waves have two regions, called compressions and ______, which
push air molecules together and then spread them apart.
B. ______—the type of matter, whether liquid, solid, or gas; that sound waves travel through
1. A sound wave’s ______depends on the substance of the medium and whether the
medium is solid, liquid, or gas.
2. Sound travels more ______through solids and liquids because the individual
molecules are closer together than the molecules in gas.
3. As a medium’s ______increases, its molecules move faster and it conducts
sound waves faster.
C. Human hearing—______stages
1. The outer ear gathers sound waves, passing them through the ear canal to a tough
membrane called the ______
2. The vibrating eardrum passes the sound to three tiny bones in the middle ear—the
______, ______, and ______—which amplify the sound wave.
3. The stirrup vibrates and transfers the sound to a membrane in the oval window, then on to
the inner ear’s ______, a spiral-shaped structure that contains hair cells.
4. As the hair cells in the cochlea vibrate, nerve impulses are sent through the ______
nerve to the brain.
II. Properties of Sound
A. The amount of energy a wave carries corresponds to its ______, which is related to the
density of the particles in the compressions and rarefactions.
1. ______—the amount of energy that flows through a certain area in a specific
amount of time
2. ______—human perception of sound intensity
3. Each unit on a scale that measures sound intensity is a ______.
B. ______—how low or high a sound seems to be
1. ______is the number of compressions or rarefactions of a sound wave that
pass per second; human ears can hear frequencies from about 20 to 20,000 Hz.
2. ______waves are sound frequencies over 20,000 Hz that have medical
and scientific uses.
3. Infrasonic or ______waves with frequencies below 20 Hz usually can’t be
heard but may feel like a rumble.
C. ______—change in pitch or wave frequency due to a moving; either
the source of the wave or the observer can be moving
III. Music
A. ______—sounds that are deliberately used in a regular pattern
1. ______—frequency at which the a material vibrates
2. ______—the ability of a medium to vibrate by absorbing energy at its own
natural frequency
B. Sound ______—the differences among sounds of the same pitch and loudness
1. ______—the main tone played and heard
2. ______—vibration with a frequency that is a multiple of the fundamental frequency
C. Musical instruments—______used to make musical sounds
1. ______—instruments in which sound is produced by plucking, striking, or
drawing a bow across tightly stretched strings
2. Brass and woodwinds—air vibration in a ______, or hollow chamber that
amplifies sound, with the pitch determined by the length of the vibrating tube of air
3. ______instruments produce sound by being struck, shaken, rubbed, or brushed.
D. ______—a pulsing vibration in loudness
IV. Using Sound
A. Uses of sound—______, warning signals, information
B. ______—study of sound, which can prevent excessive reverberation and create
good listening environments
C. ______—process of locating objects by sending out sounds and interpreting
the waves reflected back
D. ______—a system that uses the reflection of underwater sound waves to locate objects
E. ______waves are used in medicine to diagnose, monitor, and treat many conditions.
1. Can produce images of ______structures for detection of medical problems
2. Can ______certain medical problems such as kidney stones or gallstones
Meeting Individual Needs
Note-taking Worksheet (continued)
Chapter 12-Electromagnetic Waves
I. What are electromagnetic waves?
A. Electromagnetic waves are made by vibrating electric charges and can travel through
______.
B. Electric and magnetic fields—related ______that operate even in empty space
1. A ______electric charge creates a magnetic field.
2. ______magnetic fields create changing electric fields and vice versa.
C. Electromagnetic waves are produced when an electric charge is ______.
1. Vibrating electric charges are ______by vibrating electric and magnetic fields.
2. Vibrating electric and magnetic fields travel ______from the moving charge.
D. Properties of electromagnetic ______—carry radiant energy
1. Frequency and wavelength—as frequency ______, wavelength decreases
a. Frequency is the number of ______per second; measured in hertz.
b. Wavelength is the ______from one crest to another and is measured in
meters.
2. Wave speed—in the vacuum of space, ______; electromagnetic waves
slow as they travel through matter.
3. Calculating frequency and wavelength
E. Waves and particles—______not clear
1. Light can behave as a particle, a ______, whose energy depends on frequency.
2. All ______can behave like a wave
II. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
A. The entire ______of electromagnetic wave frequencies is called the electromagnetic
spectrum.
B. ______waves—low-frequency electromagnetic waves with wavelengths from less
than a centimeter to about 1000 meters
1. Microwaves—radio wave lengths of about 1 to ______cm
2. ______—radio waves bounced off an object to determine its speed and location
3. ______(MRI)—radio waves produce an image of the
inside of the body
C. Infrared waves—electromagnetic wave with a slightly ______frequency than radio
waves; people feel it as thermal energy or warmth
D. ______—has wavelengths between about 390 to 770 billionth of a meter;
can be seen with the eye
E. ______—have frequencies slightly higher than visible light; can
damage skin
1. Ultraviolet light can kill ______.
2. Ultraviolet light can be absorbed by some ______materials and released
as visible light.
3. ______layer above Earth’s surface absorbs most of the Sun’s harmful ultraviolet waves.
F. ______and gamma rays—ultra-high-frequency electromagnetic waves that can
travel through matter, break molecular bonds, and damage cells
1. X rays are used to provide images of ______and to examine suitcases at airports
without opening them.
2. Radiation therapy is used to ______diseased cells.