List of Studies Included in Systematic Review
Source Design Participants(*, †) Focus
Armstrong (2001)19 Interviews 4 M-F pairs after FD Fathers on pregnancy after loss
Benfield, Leib, and Vollman (1978)35 Interviews, surveys 50 M-F pairs after ND Parent participation in withdrawal of care
Cacciatore (2005)53 Interviews, surveys 47 M after FD Support groups after intrauterine death
Calhoun (1994)24 Interviews 23 parents after MC, FD or ND Parental evaluation of nursing support
Campbell (2000)36 Interviews 7 M after FD Creating memories after perinatal loss
Clyman, Green, Mikkelsen et al. (1979)54 Program review(‡) 108 families after ND Parental choice on MD follow-up after loss
Clyman, Green, Rowe et al. (1980)55 Interviews 35 families after ND Parental concerns 2-4 months after loss
Cohen, Zilkha, Middleton et al. (1978)56 Interviews, program review 80 M after PD Parent views on seeing infant & autopsy
Colsen (2001)40 Interviews, surveys 5 F after FD or ND Fathers’ experience of perinatal loss
Cote-Arsenault and Marshall (2000)57 Focus group, interviews 13 M pregnant after MC or FD Pregnancy after perinatal loss
Cote-Arsenault (2003)58 Focus group, interviews, surveys 118 M after MC, FD or ND How families remember perinatal losses
Covington, Theut (1993)29 Surveys 413 M after FD or ND National survey on perinatal loss reactions
Davis, Stewart, and Harmon (1989)59 Interviews 24 M after FD or ND Timing of pregnancy after perinatal loss
DeFerreire (1984)60 Surveys 142 M after FD Psychological adjustment of parents
DeFrain, Martens, Stork et al. (1990)61 Written comments 350 M or F after FD Parent reactions and hospital care
DiMarco, Menke, and McNamara (2001)22Surveys 67 M or F after MC, FD or ND Support groups after loss
Engler (1998)62 Surveys 75 M after ND Psychological adjustment of parents
Estok and Lehman (1983)44 Interviews 24 M or F pregnant after FD or ND Parent views of health providers after loss
Evans and Englebardt (1990)63 Surveys 42 M after MC, FD or ND Perinatal bereavement program evaluation
Graham, Thompson, Estrada et al. (1987)30Interviews 28 M after FD Psychological adjustment of parents
Harmon, Glicken, and Siegel (1984)42 Interviews 38 M after ND Neonatal hospice program evaluation
Harper and Wisian (1994)45 Surveys 37 M or F after MC, FD or ND Parent satisfaction with hospital care
Harrigan, Naber, Jensen et al. (1993)64 Surveys 19 M and 8 F after multiple(§) Psychological adjustment and hospital care
birth with FD or ND and one
or more surviving infants
Heiman, Yankowitz, and Wilkins (1997)15 Surveys 128 M or F after MC or PD Bereavement support programs
Hughes and Page-Lieberman (1989)25 Interviews, surveys 51 F after FD or ND Fathers’ experience of perinatal loss
Kavanaugh (1991)16 Interviews 5 M and 3 F after ND African-American parents and care
Kavanaugh and Hershberger (2005)17 Interviews 17 M and 6 F after FD or ND African-American parents and care
Kellner, Donnelly, and Gould (1984)65 Program review 165 families after MC, FD or ND Hospital care and follow-up
Kennell, Slyter, and Klaus (1970)37 Interviews 20 M after ND Touching infant before neonatal death
Lake, Johnson, Murphy et al. (1987)66 Program review, surveys 78 M after FD or ND Perinatal bereavement program evaluation
Lasker and Toedter (1994)31 Interviews, surveys 194 M and F after MC, FD or ND Parent satisfaction with hospital care
Laux (1988)67 Surveys 438 M or F after MC, FD or ND Parent views on memorabilia and photos
Lemmer (1988)18 Interviews 15 M and 13 F after FD or ND Parent satisfaction with hospital care
Lukas (1998)28 Interviews, surveys 15 F after PD Fathers’ experience of perinatal loss
Mahan, Schreiner, and Green (1983)68 Program review, surveys 39 M and 1 F after ND Views on post-NICU bereavement books
McCarthy (2001)69 Interviews, surveys 4 couples after MC, FD, or ND Gender differences after perinatal loss
O’Leary (2005)70 Interviews 12 M and 9 F in pregnancy Trauma of ultrasound in pregnancy after loss
after MC, FD or ND
Page-Edwards (1999)71 Surveys 700 M after FD or ND African-Americans and psychological care
Page-Lieberman and Hughes (1990)38 Interviews 51 F after FD or ND Fathers’ experience of perinatal loss
Pector (2004)32 Surveys 66 M and 4 F after multiple Parent views on loss in birth of multiples
birth with FD or ND and 0-2
surviving infants
Peppers and Knapp (1980)72 Interviews, surveys 65 M after MC, FD or ND Grief after perinatal loss
Phipps (1985-86)73 Interviews 15 couples after ND and Pregnancy after stillbirth
healthy follow-up pregnancy
Rand, Kellner, Revak-Lutz et al. (1998)74 Program review 808 families after FD or ND Parental choices on hospital care
Ransohoff-Adler and Berger (1989)75 Surveys 27 M and 12 F after PD Hospital care, especially infant contact
Reilly-Smorawski and Armstrong (2002)76 Program review, surveys Unknown # parents after ND Perinatal bereavement program evaluation
Revak-Lutz and Kellner (1994)77 Program review 722 families after MC or PD Paternal involvement after perinatal death
Rich (1999-2000)78 Surveys 391 M and F after MC or FD Perinatal bereavement program evaluation
Rowe, Clyman, Green et al. (1978)27 Interviews 26 M after FD or ND Grief and follow-up after loss
Sanchez (2001)33 Interviews 12 M after FD or ND Perinatal support group evaluation
Sexton and Stephen (1991)20 Interviews 30 M after FD or ND Parental evaluation of nursing support
Sitrin (1994)79 Surveys 31 couples after MC, FD, or ND Psychological adjustment of parents
Smart (2003)43 Interviews 13 M and 3 F after MC, FD or ND Elderly patients recalling perinatal losses
Stringham, Riley, and Ross (1982)41 Interviews 20 M after FD Hospital care and patient choices
Sychowski (1998)39 Interviews 4 M after FD or ND of a twin Hospital and nursing care and grief
Van and Meleis (2003)80 Interviews 20 M after MC or FD Grief of African-American women after loss
Walwork and Ellison (1985)81 Interviews, surveys 20 M or F after withdrawal of Parent participation in withdrawal of care
life support and ND
Weinfeld (1990)21 Program review Unknown # parents after PD Perinatal bereavement program evaluation
William (1995)34 Interviews 26 M and 17 F after FD or ND Psychological adjustment and hospital care
Wing (2002)46 Surveys 89 M and controls after FD Psychological adjustment and hospital care
Wolff, Nielson, and Schiller (1970)26 Interviews 50 M after FD or ND Psychological adjustment of parents
Yates (1972)23 Interviews Unknown # of M after FD Parent satisfaction with hospital care
Notes.
*M=mothers, F=fathers, MC=miscarriage (here, a first-trimester loss) FD=fetal death in second or third trimester or intrapartum, ND=neonatal death (within 28 days of life), PD=perinatal death (typically between 20 weeks gestation and 28-days of neonatal life)
†Many studies included some participants with miscarriages, terminations, or infants deaths beyond 1 month of age. While “participants” describes all parents in the study, this paper includes only papers which allowed separation of FD and ND for result analysis or provided enough information to assume at least 50% of parents had experienced FD or ND.
‡Program reviews typically present statistical data about parental participation in a perinatal bereavement program or service offered by a hospital
§In most studies, the majority of parents had singleton births and losses; multiple births are only highlighted in studies focused on this population.