Final Exam Pre-Test
Answer these questions as if you were taking the final exam. This is not your review packet.
A review sheet will be provided for you when this assignment is complete
Day One: (20 Questions)
· Chapter 11 (Pg 315) Questions 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16 & 17
· Chapter 12 (Pg 341) Questions 2, 4, 6,-8, 10, 12, 15, 18 & 19
Day Two: (18 Questions)
· Chapter 13 (Pg 371) Questions 5, 6, 8, 9, 13, 15, 17 & 18
· Chapter 14 (Pg 397) Questions 1-3, 5, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15 & 17
Day Three: (18 Questions)
· Chapter 17 (Pg 481) Questions 1, 4-7, 9, 12, 14 & 15
· Chapter 18 (Pg 507) Questions 1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 12, 13 & 15
Day Four: (18 Questions)
· Chapter 19 (Pg 537) Questions 1-8, 14 & 17
· Chapter 21 (Pg 589) Questions 1-6, 9 & 11
Environmental Science Final Review
1. Major field of studies in environmental science are biology, chemistry, physics, Earth science & social science
2. Sustainability – The condition in which needs are met so the human population can survive indefinitely
3. Ecological footprint – Amount of land needed to support one person
4. Biodiversity – The number and variety if species that live in an area
5. Causes of loss of biodiversity – Human impact on environment
6. Fresh water
· Location – Most in ice caps and glaciers, ground and surface water
· Uses – Industry – manufacturing, generating power, and disposal of wastes
Residential – bathing, clothes washer, dishwasher, toilets
Agriculture – water for crops
· Conservation – turn off water when brushing, shorter baths and showers, water your lawn early
7. Surface water – Rivers, lakes, streams
8. Watershed – The area of land that drains into a river ex. The Mississippi watershed fills the river
9. Groundwater – Found in the Earth, accessed with wells, difficult to clean if polluted
10. Aquifers – The rocky underground formation that stores groundwater
11. Recharge Zone – The area of land that refills groundwater in aquifers
12. Ocean pollution – Caused by oil spills, boats, human activities on land cause the most ocean pollution
13. Nonpoint–source pollution – Comes from multiple locations; ex: litter
14. Artificial eutrophication – Phosphates – found in detergents and fertilizers runoff into water and can
lead to too much algae growth which reduces oxygen and causes fish to die
15. Point–source pollution – Comes from one location; ex: oil spill
16. Thermal pollution – Warm water, used by industry for cooling machinery, is released into waterways.
Decreases the amount of oxygen in water and fish die
17. Biomagnification – The accumulation of pollutants or toxins at each level in a food chain
18. Primary pollutant – A pollutant that is directly released by human activity; ex: soot from a campfire
19. Secondary pollutant – Forms when pollutants combine in the air; ex: ozone
20. Types of air pollution
· Acid precipitation – pH – below 5, cause – Rain or snow that harms organisms and deteriorates structures. Created from burning fossil fuels that release nitrogen & sulfur oxides
· Carbon monoxide – lowers the level of oxygen in the blood and can cause death
· Radon – Radioactive gas typically found in basements that causes cancer
· Asbestos – Fibrous material that was once used for insulation which causes cancer
21. Greenhouse gases
· Cause – Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane & other gases that trap heat in our atmosphere
· Effect – Probably causes global warming
22. CFC pollution – Chlorofluorocarbons from aerosol cans and refrigerants
· Cause – CFCs collect in the upper atmosphere and destroy ozone
· Effect – Allows dangerous UV rays from the sun to harm life on Earth; Ex: Skin cancer
23. Sick-Building Syndrome – Illness caused by air pollution in buildings without proper ventilation
24. Land cover – ex: urban (high population density), suburban (average pop d), and rural (low pop d)
25. Urban sprawl – The expansion of cities into suburban and rural areas
26. Open spaces – Improve air quality because plants act as filters for air pollutants
27. Wilderness areas – Natural land protected from exploitation, provides safe habitats for animals
28. Land use plans – Determining in advance how land will be used and the environmental impact
Used for homes, agriculture, industry, parks; public can have input in the plans
29. Geographic Information System – Computer program that stores & manipulates data for city elements
30. Infrastructure – All public structures including Roads & Bridges, Police & Fire Dept, Schools &
Hospitals, Power lines & Sewers
31. Deforestation –The burning or logging of forests to provide wood, charcoal & agricultural land
32. Developed vs. Developing nations
· Developed nations – use more energy, have more wealth
· Developing nations – use less energy, have less wealth
33. Generators – Convert mechanical energy into electrical energy
34. Nonrenewable resources – They’re used quicker than they are replenished
· Types – Petroleum/Oil (transportation), Coal (producing electricity), Natural Gas (heat & cook)
· Advantages – easy to obtain and very profitable
· Disadvantages – less than 40 years of petroleum remaining; creates air pollution
· Fossil fuels & nuclear power make up 94% of our energy needs and both are nonrenewable
35. Nuclear fission – Split uranium atoms for energy creating radioactive waste but no air pollution
36. Nuclear fusion – Combines hydrogen atoms; creates tremendous energy without pollution
37. Nuclear fission occurs in power plants across the globe; Nuclear fusion occurs primarily in the sun
38. Renewable resources – They’re quickly replaced
· Types – solar, wind, biomass, hydropower, geothermal
· Advantages – quickly replaced and except for biomass they don’t create air or water pollution
· Disadvantages – These energy sources are not found across the globe. The energy produced is
minimal compared to the amount that is needed
39. Solar energy – Passive & active solar heating heats homes & water; Photovoltaic cells make electricity
40. Wind energy – Fastest growing renewable resource
41. Geothermal – Generates electricity from warming water underground
42. Hybrid cars – Use electric motor and gas engine
43. Biomass – Includes wood, animal dung, and ethanol (corn); used for heating and cooking
44. Landfill – Waste may leak out in the form of Leachate (the liquid runoff from a landfill) that pollute
land and water. They can also produce explosive gases (methane)
45. Incinerators – Reduces wastes in landfills but creates toxic air pollution
46. Superfund Act – Forces polluters to pay for illegally dumped waste
47. Degradable plastics – Can be broken down into smaller pieces by bacteria or sunlight
48. Hazardous waste – Include toxic, explosive or corrosive substances
· If these wastes end up in landfills, they can be very harmful!
· Can be buried deep underground in containers
49. Source reduction – A change in something to reduce its negative effect on the environment
· Recycle (paper, metals, plastics, glass); Reuse (canvas shopping bags not paper or plastic); Composting waste
50. (Honors) While environmental issues have been addressed since T. Roosevelt was president in the 1800s, it was not until the 1970s that lobbying efforts helped create laws (Clean Air & Superfund Acts), policies (EIS & Kyoto Protocol) and agencies (EPA) that balance sustainability and economic growth.