LECTURE NOTES: ENDOCRINE GLANDS

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Gland / Hormone & Function(s) / Disorder(s) & Treatment
Anterior Pituitary / GH - promotes growth: TSH - stimulates thyroid to produce; ACTH - stimulate adrenal cortex to produce and helps protect against stress; PRL - stumulates secretin of milk; FSH - stimulates ovaries, testes and promotes sperm development; LHICSH - causes corpu luteum development and stimulates testosterone secretion / Acromegaly-  (GH) - treat with radiation therapy
Gigantism -  (GH) during childhood - treat with radiation therapy
Dwrafism -  (GH) during childhood - treat with replacement therapy of GH
Posterior Pituitary / ADH - reabsorption of water by kidneys & stimulates smooth muscles of bld. Vessels to contract; Oxytoxin - contraction of uterine muscle & excretion of milk / Diabetes Insipidus -  vasopressin or ADH; treat with injections of vasopressin
Thyroid / Triiodothuronine (T3) & Thyroxine (T4) -  metabolic rate
Calcitonin -  calcium in blood / Cretinism -  T4& T3; treat with thyroid replacement therapy
Grave's Disease (Hyperthyroidism) -  Thyroxine - treat with thyroid replacement or thyroidectomy or laser to reduce thyroid output
Myxedema (Hypothyroidism) -  Thyroxine - treat with iodine replacement
Parathyroids / Parathyroid hormone - regulates exchange of calcium between blood & bones & increases calcium in blood / Hypocalcemia -  parathyroid hormone - treat with calcium supplements
Hypercalcemia -  parathyroid hormone - treat with hemodialysis with low or calcium-free dialysis fluid
Adrenal Medulla / Epinephrine & norephinephrine -  heart rate, blood pressure, flow of blood, and  intestinal activity; works with nervous system for "fight/flight" response / The adrenal medulla is considered to be non-essential to life.
Adrenal Cortex / Cortisol - metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins & fats; Aldosterone - regulates electrolytes & wate balance; Sex hormones - secondary sexual characteristics / Addison's disease-  adrenocortical - treat with high doses of oral hydrocortisone
Cushing's Syndrome -  adrenocortical - treat with high doses of potassium & protein
Pancreatic Islets / Insulin - transports glucose to cells &  sugar levels; Glucagon - stimulates liver to release glucose, therefore,  blood sugar / Diabetes mellitus -  insulin - treat with insulin replacement injections
Testes / Testosterone - growth of sex organs & secondary sexual characteristics / Testicular cancer - treat with orchiectomy
Hypogonadism - occurs in children - treat with testosterone replacement therapy
Ovaries / Estrogens - growth of sex organs & secondary sexual characteristics, Progesterone - prepares lining of uterus for implantation of fertile ova / Osteoporosis - cause is multifactorial with one being menopause. With the  of estrogen, bone is unable to absorb calcium - treat with calcium supplement
Thymus Pineal / Thymosin - growth of T cells need for immunity; Melatonin - regulates mood, sexual development, & daily cycles in response to light in environment / DiGeorge Syndrome -  thymosin leading to hypocalcemic tetany and hart disease - treat with fetal thymic transplant or bone marrow transplant