Chapter 10, 11, 12 Overview
Evolution
Define: Evolution, Species, Fossil, Catastrophism, gradualism, uniformitarianism, variation, adaptation, artificial selection, heritability, population, natural selection, fitness, biogeography, homologous structures, analogous structures, vestigial structures, paleontology. (11) Gene pool, allele frequency, normal distribution, microevolution, directional selection, stabilizing selection, disruptive selection, geneflow, genetic drift, bottleneck effect, founder effect, sexual selection, Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium, reproductive isolation, speciation, behavioral isolation, geographic isolation, temporal isolation, convergent evolution, divergent evolution, coevolution, extinction, punctuated equilibrium, adaptive radiation, (12) primate, prosimian, anthropoid, hominid, bipedal.
Answer:
(10.1) Key Concept: There were theories of biological and geological change before Charles Darwin. Early scientists proposed ideas about evolution.
1. Tell what each scientist did to help develop evolutionary theory.
Scientist / Contribution to Evolutionary theoryLinneaus
Buffon
E. Darwin
Lamarck
2. What two conditions must be true for an organism to be considered the same species?______
MAIN IDEA: Theories of geologic change set the stage for Darwin’s theory
3. Write a description of each theory in the space provided:
Geologic Theory / DescriptionCatastrophism
Gradualism
Uniformitariansim
(10.2) Key Concept: Darwin’s Voyage provided insights into evolution. Darwin observed differences among island species.
4. What is variation among members of different species called? ______
5. What is variation among members of the same species called? ______
6. Darwin saw populations of various species that seemed well suited to their environment. What did this suggest? ______
______
(10.3) Darwin proposed natural selection as a mechanism for evolution.
7. Why must selected traits be inheritable? ______
______
8. Give an example of a trait that is inheritable______
9. Give an example of a trait that is not inheritable______
10. In natural selection, what must be true of traits that are passed down through generations? ______
______
11. Use the following vocabulary words to complete the statements
______Producing many offspring, some of which may not survive.
______individual differences that may be heritable
______a structure well suited for the environment
______a heritable trait becoming common in a population
12. What are all of the individuals of a species that live in an area called? ______
(10.4) Key concept: Evidence of common ancestry among species comes from many sources.
13. Give example of each type of evidence for evolution:
Evidence for Evolution / ExampleFossils
Geography
Embryology
Anatomy
14. Vestigial structures seem to lack any useful function, or are at least no longer used for their original purpose. Give three examples of vestigial structures. ______, ______, ______
15. Analogous structures are not evidence of a recent common ancestor; Give some examples of analogous structures. ______, ______, ______
(10.5) Main Idea Molecular and genetic evidence supports fossil and anatomical evidence.
16. In a phrase, explain how each of the following contribute to evolutionary theory
Molecular Evidence / Contribution to evolutionary TheoryDNA sequence analysis
Pseudogenes
Homeobox Genes
Protein Comparisons
(11.1) Key Concept; A population shares a common gene pool. Genetic Variation in a population increases the chance that some individuals will survive.
Peccaries are small, tough relatives of the modern pig, whose lineage diverged about 40 million years ago. They live in southern Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico.
A herd of peccaries consists of about 15 individuals, half males and half females. They stay close together and use scent as a cohesive force, moving, feeding, playing and resting as a peaceable social unit.
If individuals become separated from the herd, they get upset and utter loud wailing cries. It is rare, therefore, for a peccary to move from one herd to another.
Together, these socially and behaviorally egalitarian animals form a population. It is at the population level that the phenomenon of evolution is observed, studied and measured.
Individual peccaries cannot evolve, but the little herd, or population, of peccaries is subject to all the forces of variation and natural selection. They can undergo all the changes in genotypes and phenotypes we associate with evolutionary change.
A population is the smallest unit of living organisms that can undergo evolution.
Within populations are combinations of genes and different gene types. A peccary is a diploid organism, which means that there are two copies of each gene in every cell in its body. A mutation can produce a subtle variation in either, or both, of these genes, some lethal and some that simply alter a trait slightly.
Suppose that bristle length on the bodies of the peccaries is controlled by a single gene (written as B), and that a mutation in this gene results in shorter bristles (written as b).
These two varieties of the bristle-length gene are called alleles that, in various combinations, produce the peccary phenotype.
A single peccary may have any one of three different genotypes:
BB (homozygous dominant)
Bb (heterozygous), and
bb (homozygous recessive)
These genotypes produce one of two phenotypes:
long bristles (BB and Bb), or
short bristles (bb).
Thus, individual peccaries can have only 0, 1, or 2 copies of any one gene variant (- -, - b, or bb, respectively), giving a frequency of 0, 0.5 or 1.0 (0%, 50%, or 100%) for that specific gene in an individual peccary.
With 15 peccaries in the population, each with two copies of the bristle-length gene, there are 30 copies, or alleles, in all. When scientists wish to study evolution (a population phenomenon), they have to measure and follow what happens to all these genes, in the whole population of peccaries, all at the same time.
Agene poolis the sum of all the individual genes in a given population.
Within a gene pool, every allele or gene variant has a particular ratio or frequency.
The frequency of an allele is the number of occurrences of that allele in that population
Example:
15 individual peccaries in the population, thus 30 alleles -
if 6 alleles in this population are of the b variety,
and 24 are of the B variety,
then the frequencies of these alleles are:
6/30 of the genes in the gene pool are b - a frequency of 0.2
6/24 of the gene in the gene pool are B - a frequency of 0.8
(11.1) Main Idea: Genetic variation comes from several sources:
17. In a phrase describe how each term below provides a source of genetic variation;
Source / How it provides genetic variationMutation
Recombination
Hybridization
18. Why is genetic variation Beneficial? ______
______
19. Why must a population have genetic variation in order for natural selection to occur? ______
(11.3) Key Concept: Natural Selection is not the only mechanism through which populations evolve.
20. Compare & Contrast; Bottleneck effect & Founders Effect
21. How is genetic drift different from natural selection? ______
______
22. Summarize:
(11.5). Key Concept: New species can arise when populations are isolated.
21. In the chart below take notes about the three ways in which populations can become isolated, leading to reproductive isolation
Type of Isolation / How it works / ExampleBehavioral Isolation
Geographic Isolation
Temporal Isolation
Creative Writing Assignment- Ten Points Extra on Evolution Test
Stingray Takeover
Your assignment is to write a creative story to support the fake hypothesis that stingrays are evolving and planning to take over the world. You must demonstrate an understanding of evolutionary terms by using them properly in your story. The story will be fictional and creative but the use of terms must be accurate. The story must be at leasttwo typed pages. Illustrations are optional and do not count toward the two pages.
Terms to use: ( At least 15 terms must be used)
Evolve
Species
Common Ancestry
Inheritance
Natural Selection
Acquired Traits
Natural Variation
Artificial Selection
Fitness
Adaptation
Homologous Structures
Genetic Variation
Gene Pool
Mutation (mutate)
Phenotype
Speciation
Isolation
Population
Extinction
Adaptive Radiation
Convergent Evolution
Web Based Activites
1. Peppered Moth Simulation
Name(s) ______
Peppered Moth Analysis
1. Data Table
Percent Dark Moths / Percent Light MothsLichen Forest
Sooty Forest
2. Explain how the color of moths increases or decreases their chances of survival depending on the environment.
3. 500 light colored moths and 500 dark colored moths are released into a polluted forest. After 2 days the moths were recaptured, make a prediction about the number of each type of moth that would be captured.
4. How has the striking change in coloration come about? (Include an explanation of how the dark moth appeared and how the proportion of dark moths changed from 0.0005% to more than 90% in polluted forests.)
5.What underlying law of nature has produced this change? (Use Darwin's theory of evolution and apply it to what you have learned in this investigation.)
2. Classzone.com….animated Biology….Principles of Natural Selection
3. Classzone.com….animated Biology….Natural Selection
4. Classzone.com…animated Biology….Founder Effect
5.
Changes Over Time
Mrs. Wetzel
History
Darwin’s World (1809 - 1875)
Height of the ______period.
Beginning of the ______
New Ideas:
______of Carolus Linnaeus
Lyell’s “Principles of ______”
Carolus Linnaeus (1707 – 1778)
______System of ______
Believed in the “______of Species”
Charles Lyell
______of ______
Suggests that ______rock is very old – therefore the ______that are represented in this rock must also be old.
Most ______are found in sedimentary rock.
______fossils will be found ______younger fossils.
Charles Darwin
At the age of 22, he joined a __ year expedition aboard the ______to map the coast of S. America
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution:
1. Members of a ______have heritable ______.(Inheritance of traits)
2. In a population, ______individuals are produced than the ______can support. They ______for food and shelter. (overpopulation- ______for ______).
3. Some individuals have ______that enable them to survive and reproduce ______than other individuals (survival of the fittest).
4. An ______number of individuals in succeeding ______have these adaptive characteristics (natural selection)
- Darwin described his theory in the form of a long ______which he called “On the ______of Species”.
- Through his observations made in the ______Islands, Charles Darwin formulated a theory of how species change over time, called______.
- Natural selection is governed by the ______of ______. The change in the ______of a gene in a given population leads to a ______in a population and may result in the emergence of a______.
- Natural selection operates on populations over ______generations.
Evolution- A ______in successive ______of organisms, due to random ______and changes in the organisms’ ______
•Evolution takes place through a set of processes that include:
–______,
–______,
–______,
–______.
Mutations
- Genetic ______and variety produced by sexual reproduction allow for ______within a given population.
- Many ______can cause a change in a ______over time.
- Mutations are ______in how populations change over time because they result in ______changes to the gene ______.
- Mutations are ______because a mutation is a change in the ______code
A mutation may result in a:
1. ______change or adaptation in genetic information that ______a species’ ability to ______in its environment
2. an ______change that does ______a species’ ability to exist in its environment.
3. in a change in the genetic information that ______nor ______the species.
Adaptation
–Adaptations are______, functions, or behaviors that ______a species to ______.
–Depending on the ______of adaptation, the rate of______, and the ______factors present, structural adaptations may take ______of years to develop.
Natural Selection
–The ______and reproduction of the ______in a population that ______the traits that ______enables them to ______in their environment. The Survival of the ______
–Populations produce ______offspring than the environment can ______.
–The ______ability of individuals to survive and reproduce leads to the ______in a population, generation after generation over ______generations.
–Organisms with certain genetic ______will be ______to survive and ______their variations on to the ______generation.
When ______choose organisms with ______characteristics as ______stock, they are performing the ______of the environment. This is called “______selection”
Extinction- no longer in______; "the extinction of a species"
–If a species ______include traits that enable it to survive in its environment or to ______changes in the ______, then the species may become extinct.
–______die, a species ______extinct.
–Individuals of a population exhibit a ______of ______in a trait as a result of the variations in their ______codes.
The ______for evolution is drawn from a variety of sources of data, including:
- the ______record,
- ______dating,
- ______information,
- the ______of organisms,
- ______and developmental ______across species.
Fossil Record
–Although there is______a ______record of ancient life for the past ______years, a great deal of modern knowledge about the ______of life comes from the fossil record.
–The study of______provides strong ______for evolution.
Distribution of species
–Most ______live in ______
–This supports the theory of ______
Species- organisms that can ______and produce ______offspring.
Adaptive Radiation- where species all ______from a ______have over time successfully ______to their environment via natural selection
Homologous Structures- Body ______in different organisms that have ______bones and similar arrangements of muscles, blood vessels, and nerves and undergo similar ______development, but do not necessarily serve the______; e.g., the flipper of a whale and the forelimb of a horse.
Vestigial Structures- Features that apparently serve ___ function in an organism and are allegedly ______from an evolutionary past. Such features, though no longer______, are presumed to have been useful in______.
EX. ______in flightless birds, appendix in humans, whale______, tiny snake pelvic and ______bones, and the______in cave-dwelling salamanders and fish that are completely blind.
Developmental Similarities- Many species have very ______embryonic ______. The embryo of a chicken, a pig, and a fish are almost ______at certain points in their development.
Stephen Jay Gould’s idea of ______proposes that organisms may undergo ______(in geologic time) bursts of speciation followed by ______periods of time unchanged.
This view is in ______to the traditional evolutionary view of ______and ______change.