Radical Behaviorism Causes of Behavior Are Found in the ______

Chapter 27

“Self” as Controller of Behavior

•  Radical behaviorism—causes of behavior are found in the ______

•  When causal variables are not readily apparent in the ______environment, tendency to point to ______causes of behavior becomes stronger

•  Skinner was the first to apply philosophy & theory of radical behaviorism to actions typically considered to be controlled by the self

•  Self-control

–  Two-response phenomenon

•  ______response

•  ______response

•  Self-management

–  Target behavior the person wants to ______(i.e., “controlled response”)

–  ______behavior (i.e., “controlled response”)

Definition of Self-Management

•  Self-management

–  Personal application of ______change tactics that produces a desired change in behavior

–  ______definition only

•  Broad & functional definition

–  Encompasses one time & long running ______events

–  Desired change in target behavior must occur for self-management to be ______

•  Self-management:

–  Is a ______concept

–  Occurs on a ______

–  When used or implemented, all procedures should be described in ______

•  Terminology

–  Self-control vs. Self-management

Applications of Self-Management

•  Live a more effective & ______daily life

•  Break bad habits & ______with good ones

•  Accomplish difficult tasks

•  Achieve ______goals

Advantages & Benefits of Self-Management

•  Influence behaviors not accessible to ______change agents

•  External change agents can miss important instances of behavior

•  Promote ______& maintenance of behavior change

•  Small repertoire of self-management skills can ______many behaviors

•  People with diverse abilities can learn self-management skills

•  Some people perform better under ______tasks & performance criteria

•  People with good self-management skills contribute to more efficient & effective group environments

•  Teaching students to use self-management skills provides meaningful practice for other areas of school curriculum

•  Ultimate ______of education

•  Benefits society

•  Feels good

Antecedent-Based Self-Management Tactics

•  Primary feature is the manipulation of events of stimuli ______to the target (controlled) behavior

–  ______planning

–  Situational ______

•  Manipulating MOs to make a desired (or undesired) behavior more (or less) likely

•  Providing response ______

•  Performing initial steps of a behavior ______

•  Removing ______required for an undesired behavior

•  Limiting undesired behavior to ______stimulus conditions

•  Dedicating a specific ______for a behavior

Manipulating Motivating Operations

•  General strategy:

–  Behave in a way (controlling behavior)…

–  that creates a certain state of ______that, in turn…

–  increases (or decreases as desired) the subsequent frequency of the target behavior (controlled behavior)

Providing Response Prompts

•  Wide variety of forms (e.g., visual, auditory, textual, symbolic)

•  ______response prompt

•  ______response prompt

•  Prompt repeated performance of a behavior in a variety of situations & settings

•  Supplemental response prompts (provided by ______)

Performing the Initial Steps of a Behavior Chain

•  Behaving in a manner that ensures being ______later with an SD that reliably evokes the target behavior

•  Performing ______of a behavioral ______(the self-management response) at one point in time, a person has changed his environment with an SD that will evoke the next response in the chain & will lead to the completion of the task (self-management response)

Removing Items Necessary for an Undesired Behavior

•  Alter the environment so that an undesirable behavior is less likely or ______to emit

Limiting Undesired Behavior to Restricted Stimulus Conditions

•  Decrease the frequency of an undesired behavior by limiting the setting or ______conditions under which the person engages in the behavior

Dedicating a Specific Environment for a Desired Behavior

•  Reserve or create an environment where the person will only ______in that behavior

•  Special stimulus arrangement that can be turned on & off in a ______setting

Self-Monitoring

•  Procedure whereby a person ______his or her behavior systematically & ______the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a target behavior

•  Also called self-recording or self-observation

•  Originally conceived as a method of ______assessment

–  For behaviors only the client could observe & record

–  Became a major therapeutic intervention because of the reactive effects

•  Wide variety of applications in research

•  Difficult to ______self-monitoring as a procedure—usually entails other contingencies

Self-Evaluation

•  Comparison of person’s performance by the person with a ______goal or standard

•  Involves the use of self-monitoring with ______

•  Also called self-assessment

Self-Monitoring with Reinforcement

•  Self-monitoring may be part of an ______package that includes reinforcement

–  For achieving self-selected goals

–  For achieving teacher-selected goals

•  Reinforcer may be

–  ______-administered

–  Teacher delivered

Why Does Self-Monitoring Work?

•  Behavioral mechanisms that account for its effectiveness are not fully understood

–  Much of self-monitoring consists of ______behaviors

–  Confounded by other variables (e.g., part of a package with other contingencies)

•  Some hypotheses:

–  Evokes ______statements that serve either to reinforce desired behaviors or punish undesired behaviors

–  Guilt control (Malott, 1981)

•  Target behavior is strengthened through R– by escape & avoidance of the guilty feelings that occur when one’s behavior is “bad”

Guidelines & Procedures for Self-Monitoring

•  Provide materials that make self-monitoring ______

•  Provide supplementary ______or prompts

•  Self-monitor the most important ______of the target behavior

•  Self-monitor early & ______

•  Reinforce ______self-monitoring

Materials That Make Self-Monitoring Easy

•  Materials should ______easy & efficient self-monitoring

•  Variety of mechanisms can be utilized to measure the target behavior

–  ______

–  ______

–  ______

Supplementary Cues or Prompts

•  Variety of stimuli can ______self-recording (e.g., auditory, visual, & tactile)

–  ______: prerecorded tones or signals

–  Visual: written instruction or symbols

–  ______: Motivaider®—signals through vibration

Most Important Dimension of the Target Behavior

•  A person should self-monitor the target behavior dimension that, should desired changes in its value be achieved, would yield the most ______and ______progress toward the person’s goal for the self-management program

Self-Monitor Early & Often

•  ______occurrence of the target behavior should be self-recorded as soon as possible

–  Act of self-monitoring should not ______the occurrence of the target behavior

–  Self-monitoring should occur ______often at the beginning of a behavior change program

•  Frequency of monitoring can decrease if performance improves

Reinforce Accurate Self-Monitoring

•  Accurate self-monitoring as a ______behavior

–  Especially when participants are utilizing self-recorded data for self-evaluation & self-administered consequences

Self-Administered Consequences

•  Self-reinforcement should be considered ______with the principle of operant behavior (Skinner, 1953)

•  Performance-management contingencies are best viewed as rule-governed ______of reinforcement & punishment contingencies

–  Response-to-consequence delay is too great

•  Self-administered consequences that ______desired behavior

–  Self-management analogs of R+

–  Self-management analogs of R–

•  Self-administered consequences that ______undesired behavior

–  Self-management analogs of P+

–  Self-management analogs of P–

Recommendations for Self-Administered Consequences

•  Select ______, easy-to-deliver consequences

•  Set a meaningful but easy-to-meet criterion for reinforcement

•  Eliminate ______

•  Put someone else in control of delivering consequences (if necessary)

•  Keep it ______

Other Self-Management Tactics

•  Self-instruction

•  Habit ______

•  Self-directed systematic desensitization

•  ______practice

Self-Instruction

•  Self-generated verbal responses, ______or overt, that function as response ______for a desire behavior

•  Often used to guide a person through a behavior chain or ______of tasks

Habit Reversal

•  Typically implemented as a multiple-component treatment ______

–  Self-awareness

•  Response ______

•  Procedures for identifying events that precede & trigger the response

–  Competing response training

–  ______techniques

•  Self-administered consequences

•  Social support systems

•  Procedures for promoting generalization & maintenance

Self-Directed Systematic Desensitization

•  ______one behavior (generally muscle relaxation) for the unwanted behavior (fear/anxiety)

–  Hierarchy of situations of least to most fearful is developed

–  Gradual exposure to each situation is then accomplished

•  First imagining each situation

•  Then actual real life (in vivo) situation

Massed Practice

•  Forcing oneself to perform an ______behavior again and again

•  Sometimes ______the future frequency of the target behavior

Conducting an Effective Self-Management Program

•  Specify a ______& define the behavior to be changed

•  Begin self-monitoring the behavior

•  Contrive contingencies that will compete with ______contingencies

•  Go public with your commitment to change your behavior

•  Get a self-management ______

•  Continually ______your self-management program & redesign it as necessary