Counting and understanding number
Vocabulary
- Cardinal numbers = Numbers used to describe ‘how many’ objects are in a set
- Ordinal numbers = Numbers used to describe the ‘position’ of an object in a set which is
arranged in order e.g. first…..
- Numerator = The top number of a common fraction
- Denominator = The bottom number of a common fraction
- Unit fraction = A common fraction that has a numerator of 1
- Vulgar fraction = A common fraction (two whole numbers, one above the other,
separated by a line)
- Proper fraction = A common fraction in which the numerator is smaller than the
denominator
- Improper fraction = A common fraction in which the numerator is larger than the
denominator
- Mixed numbers = Made up of two parts: whole number followed by a proper fraction
- Equivalent fraction = Two or more fractions that have the same value but are different
in form
- Ratio = Used to compare the sizes of two (or more) quantities
- Proportion = When the relationship between two sets of quantities is either a constant
multiplier or matching pairs from each set multiplied together produce the
same constant value
Additional information
- ‘0’ as a placeholder = When a zero is necessary in a number in order to conserve its size
- Rounding rules:
-Nearest 10: Look at the units column. If it is 5+ round up, 4 or below round down. The number should end in 0
-Nearest 100:Look at the tens column. If it is 5+ round up, 4 or below round down. The number should end in 00
-Nearest 1000:Look at the hundreds column. If it is 5+ round up, 4 or below round down. The number should end in 000
-Nearest whole number: Look at the tenths column. If it is 5+ round up, 4 or below round down.
-Nearest tenth: Look at the hundredths column. If it is 5+ round up, 4 or below round down.
Knowing and using number facts
Vocabulary
- Factor = A number which divides exactly into another number
- Multiple = A number made by multiplying together two other numbers
- Prime number = A number having two, and only, two factors
- Prime factors = All the factors of a number which are themselves prime numbers
- Square number = A number multiplied by itself (can be represented by the correct
amount of dots laid out in rows and columns to make a square)
- Square root = A square root of a number is another number which when squared will
equal the first number
- Quotient = The result given by the operation of division (e.g. in 32 ÷ 8 = 4, the quotient
is 4)
- Divisor = The amount in a division operation which must do the dividing, or among which
the dividend must be shared (e.g. in 32 ÷ 8 = 4, the divisor is 8)
- BODMAS = The order in which operations have to be carried out (acronym)
= Brackets Order (², ³…) Division Multiplication Addition Subtraction
Measuring
Vocabulary
- Perimeter = The total distance around the edges defining the outline of the shape
- Area = Measure of how much 2D space is covered by the surface
-Area of a rectangle = a x b
-Area of a triangle = ½ (a x b)
- Rectilinear shape = A 2D shape with all straight line edges
- Volume = Measure of how much space is contained within, or occupied by, the 3D shape
Conversions
- 1 km = 1000m
- 1 m = 100 cm
- 1 cm = 10 mm
- 1 kg = 1000 g
- 1L = 1000 ml
Understanding shape
Vocabulary
- Polygon = A plane (flat) shape completely enclosed by 3 or more straight edges (usually
used for 5+ edges)
- Acute = An angle less than 90°
- Obtuse = An angle more than 90° but less than 180°
- Reflex = An angle more than 180° but less than 360°
- Right angle = One quarter of a full turn (90°)
- Parallel = Two (or more) lines which must lie in the same plane are said to be parallel if
no matter how far they are extended in either direction they are always the
same distance apart
- Perpendicular = Two straight lines (or planes) are said to be perpendicular to each
other if at their crossing or meeting a right angle is formed
- Reflective/line symmetry = Symmetry of 2D shape which can be folded along a line so
one half of the shape fits exactly on the other
- Rotational symmetry = When a shape can be turned and fitted onto itself somewhere
other than in its original position
- Translation = A transformation such that every point in the object can be joined to its
corresponding point in the image by a set of straight lines which are all
parallel and of equal length
Additional information
- 2D shapes:
-3 sides = triangle (equilateral, isosceles, scalene, right-angled)
-4 sides = quadrilateral (square, oblong, rhombus, parallelogram, kite, trapezium)
-5 sides = pentagon
-6 sides = hexagon
-7 sides = heptagon
-8 sides = octagon
-9 sides = nonagon
-10 sides = decagon
- 3D shapes:
-Cube- Prism (triangular, pentagonal…)
-Cuboid- Pyramid (triangular based, square based…)
-Cylinder- Sphere
-Cone
Handling data
Vocabulary
Discrete data = Data which can only be of certain definite values
Continuous data = Data which can take any value with certain restrictions
Bar chart = Frequency diagram using rectangles of equal width whose heights or
lengths are proportional to the frequency (separate bars are used for
discrete data and joined bars for continuous data)
Block graph = Bar chart where, usually, the bars themselves are divided to mark off
each individual piece of data
Histogram = Frequency diagram using rectangles whose widths are proportional to
the class interval and whose areas are proportional to the frequency
Mean = Numerical value found by adding together all separate values of data and
dividing by how many pieces of data there are
Median = Numerical value of the piece of data in the middle of a set after the data
are arranged in order
Mode = The piece of data which is found most often
Range = Numerical difference between the smallest and greatest values in a set of
data
Examples
- Shoe sizes of 20 people
3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8
Mode (most common) = 6
Median (middle) = 6
Mean (average) = 5.4
Range = 8 – 3 = 5
- Venn diagram3. Carroll diagram
Odd number / Even number
Under 10 / 1 3 5 7 9 / 2 4 6 8
Between 10 and 20 / 11 13 15 17 19 / 10 12 14 16 18
Bexley Primary Mathematics Team