August 6, 2004
AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES
Using Lawn Irrigation Systems
FAMILY AND CONSUMER SCIENCES
Using Credit Counselors
To Get Out of Debt
4-H YOUTH DEVELOPMENT
Youth Gain Valuable Experiences
From 4-H Animal Science Projects
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Using Lawn Irrigation Systems
Source: A.J. Powell Jr.
Kentucky's summer and fall weather is extremely variable, and this makes timing irrigation very complex. This year we've had fairly consistent rains and unusually mild temperatures; but the next two months normally are the driest of the year and it may be necessary to apply moisture that Mother Nature has failed to supply.
Automatic, underground irrigation systems can effectively and efficiently apply water for high-quality grass growth. Water applied by these time-controlled systems also is effective to move pesticides and fertilizers into the root zone and lower heat stress on grasses, landscape plants and nearby structures. These systems also help reduce thatch by maintaining a moist environment for microbial decomposition.
On average we receive nearly one inch of rainfall weekly during the summer, which is sufficient to supply lawns' moisture needs; so automatic lawn irrigation systems should only be used to supplement natural rainfall. Since we cannot predict the frequency or amount of rainfall, these systems should not be programmed for specific times, such as daily or every other day, to prevent excessive watering that causes many problems.
Excessive watering makes grass more sensitive to heat stress, causes nutrient losses and exacerbates weed problems. It stimulates fungal disease damage to susceptible ornamentals Over-watering deprives roots of oxygen and most severely affects ornamentals planted in drainage areas or heavy clay soils and those planted too deeply.
The best, most economical time to use an automatic irrigation system is when grass initially exhibits drought symptoms. A major indication is to note when rainfall has not occurred for a week under hot, dry, sunny, windy conditions. If you cannot push a screwdriver into the soil surface, it is too dry for good growth, because wet soil is easily penetrated. Other symptoms include a bluish-gray color of grass on high spots, long-lasting footprints and yellow spots on south-facing slopes, mounded areas and next to hot sidewalks and driveways.
When it is necessary to irrigate, apply about two-thirds inch of water. To check the rate and uniformity, put straight-edged cups or pie pans in several lawn areas and time how long it takes to deliver two-thirds inch of water.
Not all lawn sites require the same watering frequency. For example, a flower bed under a roof overhang, especially on eastern or northern sides, may need watering even during rainy spells.
Efficient irrigation only wets the grass root zone; it does not saturate soil or cause surface run-off. If run-off occurs before the irrigation is finished, apply only one-third inch and wait a few hours before applying the remaining water.
During summer vacations and other summer times when you cannot closely monitor the lawn, set the clock to apply about two-thirds inch of water twice a week. When temperatures are cooler in the fall and spring, lawns generally are okay for two to three weeks without significant rainfall or irrigation. When your system is used automatically, it is a good idea to add an inexpensive irrigation interrupt device that will detect rainfall and automatically delay future irrigations.
Although you can apply irrigation anytime during the day without turf damage, evaporative water loss is much higher during the heat of the day. Early morning watering removes dew and shortens the length of time leaves remain moist. This reduces potential disease problems. If a disease is evident, avoid late evening watering that prolongs leaf wetness; otherwise late evening or night watering should not cause problems.
For more information on lawn care, contact the (County Name) Cooperative Extension Service office.
Educational programs of the University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service serve all people regardless of race, color, age, sex, religion, disability or national origin.
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Using Credit Counselors
To Get Out of Debt
Source: Sue Badenhop
Families with massive debts sometimes use credit counselors to help them begin to eliminate this problem. Like other service sectors in our society, there are several possibilities for credit counseling agencies.
These tips may help you choose the best helper for your debt situation.
First, check out the agency's fees. Ask if the fees are voluntary. If possible, choose an agency that will let you voluntarily pay what you can afford.
If an agency has a set-up fee of more than 50 dollars and monthly fees exceed 25 dollars, choose another firm.
It is helpful to choose an agency that also offers educational help and budget counseling to help you avoid future debt problems.
You may want to visit the National Foundation for Credit Counseling Web site at http://www.nfcc.org for help choosing a credit counselor. Through its member agencies, the NFCC sets the national standard for quality credit counseling, debt reduction services and education for financial wellness.
It is important to realize that you and your family can perform many of the services provided by credit counseling firms such as negotiating lower interest rates, consolidating debt and budgeting.
Contact your (County Name) Cooperative Extension Service office for a copy of the publications on managing debt and credit.
Educational programs of the University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service serve all people regardless of race, color, age, sex, religion, disability or national origin.
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Youth Gain Valuable Experiences
From 4-H Animal Science Projects
Source: Monty Chappell
Although some things about 4-H Youth Development have changed over the years, it still remains a comprehensive educational program that provides youth with a broad spectrum of learning experiences.
Animal science projects are an important part of 4-H programming for youth ages nine through 19.
Youth establish long-term goals for these projects, commit time and resources and assume the responsibilities of caring for and fitting animals for county, district and state shows. The skills youth master in animal science projects apply to real-life, 21st century experiences.
Many Kentucky 4-Hers are preparing to enter animals in competitive events at the Kentucky State Fair Aug. 19 through Aug. 29 at the Kentucky Fair and Exposition Center in Louisville. Events will include market and/or breeding and showmanship classes for dairy goats, dairy cattle, sheep, swine and beef cattle. These shows will culminate with the Sale of Champions where the grand champion and reserve grand champion market steers, lambs and hogs will be sold. The sale will take place Aug. 26, beginning at 5:15 p.m. in Newmarket Hall.
As show time approaches, fitting, grooming and walking animals becomes increasingly important. A strong work ethic is essential to maintain a daily routine that otherwise might become boring and lack-luster.
The spirit of competition in livestock shows makes 4-H members' commitments, planning and hard work worthwhile. Everyone becomes a winner when learning takes place as it does in animal sciences and the hundreds of other projects in Kentucky's 4-H Youth Development program.
4-H is a community of young people across America who are learning leadership, citizenship and life skills.
For more information, contact the (County Name) Cooperative Extension Service office.
Educational programs of the University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service serve all people regardless of race, color, age, sex, religion, disability or national origin.
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