2—Empires and Caliphates
“The Crescent and the Cross”
Pastor Mike Cooke
- Umayyad Caliphate (Arab-Syrian Sunni)
- 661—Caliph Muawiyahmakes Damascus in Syria the capital of Islam
1)Makes Arabic the official language of Islam
2)Makes the dinar the official currency of Islam
- 691—Caliph al-Malik builds the Dome of the Rock to rival the Holy Sepulchre
1)Borrows architecture and artwork from the Byzantines
2)Borrows prostration in prayer from Eastern Orthodoxy
- 705—His son Caliph al-Walid builds al-Aqsa Mosque (furthest mosque)
- 707—John of Damascus flees the Muslim court to become a Monk
1)726—Emperor Leo III issues an edict against the veneration of icons
2)John defends iconism against the Emperor and Islam
- 711—General Tariq ibd-Zayid takes Hispania from the Visogoths and establishes the independent Emirite of Córdoba
- Abbasid Caliphate (Arab-Persian Sunni)
- 750—Caliph al-Mutalib moves the capital to the Persian city of Baghdad
1)Builds“House of Wisdom”for Greek, Persian and Indian science
2)Allow several vassal Muslim states to coexist
- 813—Caliph al-Ma’munbuilds knightly army of Turkish slaves called Mamluks, captured in Viking raids from around the world
- Fatimid Caliphate (Egyptian Shi’a)
- 909—Caliph al-Shi’i conquers North Africa and establishes the first and last Shi’a caliphate, named after Muhammad’s daughter Fatimah
- 969—General Jawhar conquers Egypt and builds a new capital called Cairo
- 983—Fatimids expand into Syria causing conflict with the Byzantines
- 1009—Caliph al-Hakim destroys the Holy Sepulchre to inspire the Abbassids to join him against the Christians, Europe blames the Jews
- 1048—Caliph al-Zahir signs a treaty allowing Constantine IX to rebuild the church, in exchange for reopening the mosque in Constantinople
- The Holy Roman Empire (European Catholic)
- 800—Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne as Carolingian Emperor
- 962—Pope John XII Crowns Otto I as Holy Roman Emperor
- 988—Vladimir the Great adopts Orthodoxy for KievanRus
1)Rejects Islam because they do not drink
2)Rejects Judaism because they lost the temple
3)Is impressed by the Hagia Sofia in Constantinople
- 1054—The Great Schism finally breaks communion between the Greek Church in the East and the Latin Church in the West
1)The insertion of “filoque” into the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed
2)The use unleavened bread in the Eucharist
3)The primacy of the Pope over the entire Church
a)Celibacy among the Latin priesthood
b)Rejection of the veneration of icons
- Popes begin to call for Crusades to retake Christian lands
1)996—Pope Gregory V is the first to call for a Crusade
2)1064—Pope Alexander II begins issuing indulgences to knights
3)1073—Pope Gregory VII declares himself sovereign over all princes of the world