ARJ BIOLOGYPLANTS & ANIMALS

KINGDOM / PLANTAE / ANIMALIA
EUKARYOTIC / YES –DNA contained in NUCLEUS / YES – DNA contained in NUCLEUS
MULTICELLULAR / YES / YES
MODE OF NUTRITION / AUTOTROPHS
  • Photosynthesis (makes sugar & O2)
  • Cellular Respiration
(uses sugar & O2 to make ATP) / HETEROTROPHS
  • Cellular Respiration
(uses sugar & O2 to make ATP)
CELL WALL / YES
Made of CELLULOSE / NO
REPRODUCTION /
  • SEXUAL
  • Alternation of generations
  • Spore OR Seeds
  • ASEXUAL
  • budding
/
  • SEXUAL
  • Gametes (sperm & egg)

EXAMPLES / reproduce with spores
  • Mosses (leaves, stems, no roots)
  • Ferns (roots, leaves, stems)
reproduce with seeds
  • Gymnosperms (Cone bearers – leaves, stems & roots)
  • Angiosperms (Flowering plants – leaves, stems & roots, fruit)
/ invertebrates – no backbone
  • sponges
  • jellyfish
  • worms
  • mollusks (squid, snails, clams)
  • arthropods (insects, spiders, crabs)
vertebrates - backbone
  • fish
  • amphibians
  • reptiles
  • birds
  • mammals

Plant Adaptations:

  • Protection
  • thorns or spikes
  • chemical defense
  • Preventing Water Lose
  • cuticle - waxy waterproof tissue layer
  • stomata - openings in cuticle allow air in / out (for photosynthesis)
  • Reproduction & Dispersal (Attracting others)
  • colorful / sweet fruits
  • colorful / bright /sweet smelling flowers
  • pollen small easily spread by wind or animals (bees, bats birds)
  • Seeds are better than spores
  • seeds do not need free standing water
  • seeds can be dispersed easier (wind or animalsthat eat the fruit)
  • seeds nourish & protect plant embryo
  • Vascular System
  • xylem - moves water up the plant
  • phloem - moves sugars/nutrients up and down the plant
  • ferns, gymnosperms & angiosperms
  • Tropism
  • Phototropism (light) – plants grow toward the light
  • Hydrotropism(water) – plant roots grow toward the water
  • Geotropism(earth) –seeds “know” which way is up & down / stems grow up / roots grow down
  • Chemotropism (chemical) – plants grow to or away from chemical stimuli
  • Thigmotropism(touch) – plants respond to touch or solid object – ex venus fly trap, vines that grow up another plant

Animal Adaptations:

  • Adaptations
  • A body part, body covering, or behavior that helps an animal survive in its environment
  • Behavior, Instinct & Learning
  • how animals act
  • instinct - behavior an animal is born with and does not have to learn
  • parents teach offspring survival skills / hunting techniques
  • Mimicry
  • harmless animal looks like a harmful animal in order to protect itself
  • Communication & Sensing
  • sight, taste, touch, sound & smell
  • warning colors or patterns
  • marking territory
  • Camouflage
  • color or shape in an animal's body covering that helps it blend into its environment
  • can be used to hide from predators or to hide and catch prey
  • Social behavior
  • how an animal interacts with members of its own species
  • cooperative behavior / working together
  • living as a colony (ants, bees)
  • fightingto be top of the pecking order (wolves, lions)
  • keeping strangers away from its home / nest / each other (herd animals, fish schools)

Reproduction

  • Sexual Reproduction
  • process by which TWO gametes (sperm & egg) fuse together to produce offspring
  • offspring are genetic mixture of both parents’ DNA
  • Advantages / Pros
  • increases genetic diversity
  • results in new gene combinations
  • harmful genes can be masked (covered up) better
  • Disadvantages / Cons
  • finding & winning a mate can be costly
  • Asexual Reproduction
  • process by which offspring are produced from a single parent / does not involve joining of sperm & egg
  • offspring genetically identical to parent
  • ex – binary fission / mitosis
  • Advantages / Pros
  • faster / more efficient than sexual reproduction
  • mutation can accumulate faster
  • biological resistance can occur faster
  • Disadvantages / Cons
  • does not increase genetic diversity
  • genetically identical organisms less able to adapt to change