Glycolysis
3PGA / 265.5± 39.1 / 8.0 ± 2.8 / 44.3 ± 8.5
PEP / 85.3± 14.1 / N.D. / 25.9 ± 5.8
Pyruvate / 34.7± 12.1 / 127.8 ± 20.6 / N.D.
FBP / 4.4± 1.7 / N.D. / N.D.
DHAP / 6.5± 1.0 / N.D. / N.D.
G-3-P / 15.3 ± 1.5 / 296.6± 24.5 / 31.2± 1.4
TCA cycle
Citrate / 1171.3± 250.2 / 491.3 ± 42.2 / 2693.8 ± 395.4
Malate / 1650.7± 134.0 / 599.3 ± 85.0 / 275.1± 110.4
Fumarate / 250.8± 23.8 / 133.4 ± 16.4 / 154.1± 39.5
Succinate / 124.6± 25.7 / 2801.8 ± 154.6 / N.D.
Isocitrate / 58.8± 11.2 / 6.1 ± 3.4 / 18.6 ± 6.8
2OG / 27.5± 2.6 / 3.9 ± 1.0 / N.D.
Aconitate / 11.6± 0.9 / 3.1 ± 1.8 / 8.4 ± 2.9
Pentose phosphate pathway
G6P / 128.8± 20.1 / 228.1 ± 20.2 / 31.3 ± 12.6
G1P / 11.9± 1.7 / 45.8 ± 9.6 / 3.0 ± 0.9
R5P / 3.0± 0.3 / 52.0 ± 11.4 / N.D.
RuBP / 8.7± 2.4 / N.D. / N.D.
Ru5P / 7.3± 0.4 / 22.1 ± 3.5 / 9.7 ± 2.1
6PG / 7.2± 0.4 / 1.6 ± 0.5 / N.D.
Shikimate pathway
Shikimate / 26.3± 7.6 / N.D. / N.D.
Cinnamate / 109.8± 17.1 / 376.7 ± 23.3 / 72.6 ± 10.1
Coumarate / 4.5± 1.4 / N.D. / N.D.
Other metabolites
Oxalate / 63608.5± 1491.6 / 797.4 ± 115.1 / 106.1 ± 31.3
Lactate / 14.8± 4.1 / 14254.3 ± 1378.6 / 122.4± 74.6
Ascorbate / 3581.6± 27.3 / 1832.6 ± 151.7 / 730.4 ± 202.7
Supplementary table 1.Metabolite compositions in leaf beetle larva and broad-leaved dock.
Values (nmol gFW-1) are presented as the mean ± s.d. (n=3). N.D., not determinated.
Abbreviations: 3PGA, 3-phosphoglycerate; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; DHAP, dihydroxyaceton phosphate; FBP, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate; G-3-P, glycerol-3-phosphate;2OG, 2-oxoglutarate; G6P, glucose-6-phosphate; RuBP, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate; 6PG, 6-phosphoglycerate; Ru5P, ribulose-5-phosphate; R5P, ribose-5-phosphate.
R. obtusifolius leaves / G. atrocyanea (Larva) / G. atrocyanea (Adult)Amino Acid
Aspartate family
Asp / 1750.3± 430.5 / 861.5 ± 49.1 / 452.3 ± 119.6
Thr / 685.7± 257.5 / 1808.6 ± 150.7 / 540.0 ± 38.1
Asn / 441.5± 111.2 / 425.2 ± 46.1 / 1173.6 ± 795.3
Lys / 284.4± 42.1 / 1535.0 ± 90.3 / 1815.8 ± 291.3
Met / 82.4± 12.1 / 196.6 ± 26.5 / N.D.
Glutamate family
Glu / 1966.2± 320.2 / 4097.9 ± 356.2 / 1314.4 ± 239.0
Gln / 2166.7± 258.3 / 546.6 ± 37.6 / 1906.0 ± 341.5
Pro / 480.1± 86.1 / 4970.9 ± 597.7 / 9965.9 ± 2821.2
Arg / 404.3± 70.4 / 1069.9 ± 106.6 / 1501.0 ± 168.2
Serine family
Ser / 741.7± 85.5 / 1054.1 ± 94.9 / 451.1 ± 40.5
Gly / 47.9± 1.5 / 3282.3 ± 415.8 / 698.6 ± 131.5
Cys / 36.2± 3.5 / 255.0 ± 23.4 / 34.9 ±19.8
Pyruvate family
Ala / 268.7± 12.5 / 9606.8 ± 478.4 / 1037.3 ± 203.4
Leu / 296.7± 92.7 / 1405.8 ± 153.2 / 34.9 ± 8.7
Ile / 316.7± 39.1 / 862.6 ± 131.5 / 64.3 ± 14.0
Val / 499.1± 192.5 / 1526.2 ± 124.3 / 102.3 ± 14.3
Aromatic amino acids
Phe / 480.1± 86.1 / 826.2 ± 55.3 / 49.3 ± 6.1
Tyr / 229.0± 40.7 / 1447.3 ± 91.3 / 775.6 ± 59.1
Trp / 233.9± 29.8 / 242.7 ± 15.3 / 74.0 ± 7.5
Histidine family
His / 330.9± 42.8 / 2418.7 ± 158.2 / 681.4 ± 98.0
Others
GABA / 132.8± 24.9 / 777.5 ± 62.4 / 25.3 ± 4.6
Citrulline / 3.1± 0.5 / 17.8 ± 3.4 / 165.9 ± 22.4
Ornithine / 14.5± 0.8 / 198.5 ± 15.3 / 69.4 ± 42.6
Supplementary table 1 (continue)
Abbreviations: GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid.
Supplementary table2. Metabolite compositions in butterflylarva and fennel.
F. vulgare leaves / P. machaon larva (S) / P. machaon larva (L)Glycolysis
3PGA / 101.5 ± 3.0 / 89.0 ± 11.8 / 122.6 ± 26.8
PEP / 213.1 ± 102.3 / 54.7 ± 9.2 / 78.1 ± 13.7
Pyruvate / 124.3 ± 57.7 / 77.4 ± 28.8 / 38.8 ± 9.5
FBP / 7.2 ± 5.2 / 20.7 ± 7.7 / 25.8 ± 2.5
DHAP / 14.2 ± 7.2 / 47.7 ± 33.0 / 44.2 ± 10.3
G-3-P / 41.5± 14.4 / 3852.8± 1093.5 / 4628.7± 846.8
TCA cycle
Citrate / 6706.2 ± 5065.7 / 7911.3 ± 1589.1 / 5729.5 ± 1807.4
Malate / 15266.8 ± 2726.4 / 4123.8 ± 2129.2 / 2083.5 ± 935.7
Fumarate / 981.1 ± 165.4 / 679.8 ± 223.4 / 387.7 ± 177.4
Succinate / 737.6 ± 245.9 / 1122.1 ± 142.3 / 973.2 ± 190.5
Isocitrate / 41.3 ± 9.4 / 56.5 ± 20.3 / 22.8 ± 10.7
2OG / 1006.6 ± 147.1 / 474.1 ± 227.0 / 645.4 ± 177.3
Aconitate / 52.9 ± 38.4 / 37.1 ± 10.5 / 16.4 ± 8.9
Pentose phosphate pathway
G6P / 337.8 ± 17.1 / 159.1 ± 32.6 / 132.5 ± 31.2
G1P / 39.2 ± 3.1 / 22.0 ± 3.9 / 20.9 ± 7.5
R5P / 3.0 ± 0.7 / 4.9 ± 2.4 / 3.9 ± 0.7
RuBP / 28.8 ± 13.3 / 1.8 ± 1.0 / 0.8 ± 0.4
Ru5P / 9.5 ± 0.6 / 9.2 ± 6.8 / 8.0 ± 3.2
6PG / 1.9 ± 1.1 / 10.7 ± 5.0 / 10.5 ± 5.1
Shikimate pathway
Shikimate / N.D. / 55.6 ± 46.1 / 30.6 ± 13.8
Cinnamate / 11.3 ± 3.4 / 95.4 ± 49.1 / 33.8 ± 12.1
Coumarate / N.D. / N.D. / 8.5 ± 1.2
Other metabolites
Oxalate / 113.8 ± 93.7 / 222.4 ± 73.7 / 317.6 ± 101.6
Lactate / 47.0 ± 19.3 / 978.7 ± 140.8 / 964.7 ± 40.3
Ascorbate / N.D. / 484.7 ± 154.0 / N.D.
Values (nmol gFW-1) are presented as the mean ± s.d. (n=3). N.D., not determinated.
Abbreviations: 3PGA, 3-phosphoglycerate; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; DHAP, dihydroxyaceton phosphate; FBP, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate; G-3-P, glycerol-3-phosphate;2OG, 2-oxoglutarate; G6P, glucose-6-phosphate; RuBP, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate; 6PG, 6-phosphogluconate; Ru5P, ribulose-5-phosphate; R5P, ribose-5-phosphate.
Supplementary table 2. (continue)
F. vulgare leaves / P. machaon larva (S) / P. machaon larva (L)Amino Acid
Aspartate family
Asp / 2151.1 ± 126.5 / 943.5 ± 261.1 / 579.9 ± 120.6
Thr / 695.9 ± 49.8 / 1364.1 ± 754.7 / 777.9 ± 45.0
Asn / ? / 1691.3 ± 488.8 / 587.8 ± 114.0
Lys / 151.0 ± 9.9 / 2409.1 ± 339.6 / 490.0 ± 352.2
Met / 9.0 ± 1.7 / N.D. / 40.6 ± 31.6
Glutamate family
Glu / 3480.2 ± 99.5 / 2909.9 ± 893.6 / 1724.1 ± 249.2
Gln / 957.3 ± 270.0 / 7857.5 ± 1244.5 / 4911.9 ± 1416.4
Pro / 1885.8 ± 993.0 / 2605.1 ± 939.1 / 1939.6 ± 233.3
Arg / 93.9 ± 16.0 / 1028.2 ± 153.4 / 330.9 ± 39.9
Serine family
Ser / 1254.0 ± 245.9 / 2556.4 ± 497.0 / 1195.5 ± 141.0
Gly / 48.7 ± 19.8 / 2285.0 ± 1812.5? / 2230.3 ± 784.6
Cys / N.D. / 5.1 ± 3.3 / 1.7 ± 1.4
Pyruvate family
Ala / 570.0 ± 193.1 / N.D. / 755.6 ± 288.1
Leu / 97.8 ± 35.5 / 1368.7 ± 630.1 / 324.4 ± 187.9
Ile / 263.5 ± 39.9 / 870.6 ± 375.2 / 284.7 ± 152.1
Val / 376.8 ± 73.1 / 1077.2 ± 430.0 / 331.9 ± 191.5
Aromatic amino acids
Phe / 137.0 ± 12.6 / N.D. / 162.3 ± 34.5
Tyr / 124.5 ± 36.3 / 1565.0 ± 322.5 / 843.3 ± 362.5
Trp / 96.3 ± 17.8 / 118.9 ± 87.2 / 71.6 ± 33.4
Histidine family
His / 146.4 ± 16.6 / 1509.2 ± 806.0 / 2098.6 ± 251.3
Others
GABA / 90.4 ± 54.0 / 248.2 ± 182.3 / N.D.
Citrulline / 5.3 ± 3.6 / N.D. / 1.6 ± 0.7
Ornithine / 3.9 ± 0.2 / N.D. / N.D.
Abbreviations: GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid.