Models to Know
Core-Periphery Model (Krugman)
Metropolis-Hinterland Model (Innis)
Von Thünen’s Agricultural Land Use Model (Von Thünen)
Christaller’s Central Place Urban Hierarchy Model (Christaller)
Concentric Ring Urban Structure Model (Burgess)
Sector Urban Structure Model (Hoyt)
Multinodal Urban Structure Model
Demographic Transition Model
Rostow’s Model of Economic Development (Walter Rostow)
South American Urban Model
Asian Urban Model (McGee)
Theories to Know
Rank-size Rule
Malthusian Theory of Population (Malthus)
Migration Theory (Ravenstein)
World Systems Theory (Wallerstein)
Friction of Distance (Distance Decay) Theory (Berry and Garrison – range of a good)
Weber’s Least-Cost Theory of Industrial Location (Weber)
Heartland Theory (Mackinder)
Seapower Theory (Mahan)
Environmental Determinism (Huntington)
Regionalization Theory (Hartshorne)
Graphical Representations to Know
Population Pyramids (Age-sex structure)
Rank-size curve (urban hierarchies)
Exponential Growth curve (Population)
Demographic Transition Birth and Death Rate graphs
Mapping Terms to Know
Large-scale map (or air photo) – small area, greater detail
Small-scale map (or air photo) – large area, less detail
Chloropleth map – colour or shading to represent spatial phenomena (regionalization)
Dot map – dots to identify, represent spatial phenomena (place, site)
Proportional dot map – varying sizes of dots represent different magnitudes of spatial phenomena
Isoline map – lines represent quantitatively or qualitatively “equal” pnenomena. Topographic maps use contour lines to represent equal elevations in order to show relief; linguistic maps use isoglosses to represent equal language usages.
Geography Buzz Words to Use When Writing Free-response Questions
Five themes of geography:
Location: Relative location; absolute location
Place: Physical characteristics of place; human characteristics of place
Human-Environmental Interaction: humans adapt to the environmental characteristics of places; humans modify the environment of places and regions; humans depend on the environment for ecological and economic survival.
Movement: of people; of goods; and of ideas
Regions: Formal; Functional; Vernacular (perceptual –mental maps)
Adaptation
Change (over time; temporal aspect)
Colonial (Colonization)
Complexity (multiple, interacting factors or variables)
Core-periphery
Cultural Hearths
Diffusion
Disparity
Dynamic (movies not snapshots)
Enclave-exclave
Globalization
Mapping
Modelling
Pull factors
Push factors
Regionalization
Rural-Urban
Spatial perspective
Systems (interconnectedness of phenomena)
Transition zones