THE CELL
09/17/13
A membrane-bound structure that contains
organelles, structures, and molecules which carry out all of the characteristics of life.
The Virtual Cell Webpage http://www.ibiblio.org/virtualcell/textbook/contents.htm
contains readings concerning the components of a cell. Students are encouraged to read the information found after clicking on Chapter 3 Cell Biology.
I. Introduction
II. Generalized Cell Structures and Functions
III. Organization of Cell Activities: Synthesis
and Modification of a Protein
-Activity A
-Activity B
IV. Types of Specialized Human Cells
V. Creation of Different Tissues-Specialization
VI. When are genes ‘turned on’ or ‘expressed’?
VII. Post-Test
Start of Recorded Lecture The Cell Part 1 (~21 min.)
I. Introduction
II. Generalized Cell Structures and Functions
A. Plasma membrane
1. Composed of…
Complete Part 1 Self-Evaluation
Start Recorded Lecture The Cell Part 2 (~25 min.)
2. Functions:
a. Regulates what enters or leaves the cell
b. Chemical reactions:
c. Cell surface molecules. Examples:
1. Marker proteins which identify the cell
2. Receptor proteins which allow cells to communicate or ‘signal’ each other
Cellular Respiration:
Glucose + O2 ATP energy + CO2 + H2O
Complete Part 2 Self-Evaluation
Start Recorded Lecture The Cell Part 3 (~31 min.)
B. Cytoplasm:
C. Ribosomes (non-membrane-bound)
D. Cytoskeleton (non-membrane-bound)[*]
-Genetic Disorder: Spherocytosis
Neutrophil hunting down bacteria: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z_mXDvZQ6dU
Complete Part 3 Self-Evaluation
Start Recorded Lecture The Cell Part 4 (~26 min.)
E. Nucleus (membrane-bound)
GeneLocus
Allele
Complete Part 4 Self-Evaluation
Start Recorded Lecture The Cell Part 5 (~22 min.)
F. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
G. Vesicles/vacuoles
H. Golgi body
Complete Part 5 Self-Evaluation
Start Recorded Lecture The Cell Part 6 (~36 min.)
I. Lysosomes
1) Genetic Disorders
a) Pompe disease
b) Tay-Sach’s disease
* Once a white cell has left the blood vessel and migrated to the enemy, the next job is to EAT the microbe. This human macrophage, like some other cells, is a professional eating cell. The macrophage is using its internal cytoskeleton to envelop cells of the fungus Candida albicans. View this sequence in a 510K time-lapse movie.
J. Mitochondria
Function:
Genetic Disorder: Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)
Endosymbiotic Theory:
Maternal Inheritance:
Complete Part 6 Self-Evaluation
On-Campus
III. Organization of Cell Activities: Synthesis and Modification of a Protein
Activity B: Protein/Birthday Cake Analogy
Situation:
Your 7 year old niece’s (your brother’s daughter) birthday is in one week. You receive a phone call from your brother. Your niece has requested a cake that you have the recipe for in one of your cookbooks for her birthday cake.
However, you are a poor cook, so your niece has requested that her Grandmother (you and your brother’s mother- a very good cook) actually make the cake at her house in her kitchen. The actual birthday party is at your brother’s home, so Grandmother will have to take the completed cake to your brother’s house before the party.
Oh, part way through the process Grandma had to completely start over because her cat, Curly, jumped on the counter and ate some of the newly baked cake fresh out of the oven. What should she do with this first, ruined cake?
Your Mission:
Develop an analogy between the ‘Synthesis and Modification of a Protein’, (See Cell Lecture Guide- Organization of Cellular Activities), in which a functional protein is produced and ‘Producing a functional birthday cake’ for a 7 (soon to be 8) year old girl.
Use the following worksheet to write an appropriate similarity when making a birthday cake to each of the structures/molecules listed in the synthesis of a functional protein in the cell. Use your notes concerning each organelle/molecule and the Organization of Cellular Activities.
Explain your rationale for each analogy.
If you and your partner(s) have a difference of opinion, write it below (and why).
a. One chromosome: One cookbook
b. Gene:
c. Copy of the instructions:
in the gene
d. Amino acids:
e. Ribosome:
f. Nonfunctional protein:
g. ER , Golgi (Enzymes, etc.):
h. Functional protein:
i. Vesicle:
Continued…
j. Cytoskeleton:
k. Mitochondria:
l. Lysosome:
Remember this: DNA gets all of the glory, but the proteins do all of the work!
Start Recorded Lecture The Cell Part 7 (~45 min.)
IV. Types of Specialized (Differentiated/Mature) Human Cells
Tissue:
A. Epithelial tissue
-Genetic disorder: Incontinentia pigmenti
-Genetic disorder: EB (Epidermolysis bullosa).
There are several types of EB caused by mutations in several genes, all affect various layers of the skin or mucous membranes and therefore compromise the skin’s functions. Symptoms vary from blistering to death.
Skin is composed of three primary layers: 1. the epidermis, which provides waterproofing and serves as a barrier to infection; 2. the dermis, which harbors many nerve endings that provide the sense of touch and heat, contains the hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands and blood vessels (the blood vessels in the dermis provide nourishment and waste removal to its own cells as well as the lower layers of the epidermis) and 3. the basement membrane. The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis by the basement membrane.
B. Muscle tissue
-Genetic disorder: Muscular dystrophy
C. Nervous tissue
-Genetic disorder: Alzheimer disease
D. Connective tissue
-Genetic disorder: Hemophelia
What types of cells do NOT have 46 chromosomes in their nuclei?
V. Creation of Different Tissues-Specialization (Differentiation)
Totipotent
/Pluripotent
/Multipotent
/Specialized
/
VI. When are genes ‘turned on’ or ‘expressed’ (i.e., the protein they have the instructions for is made in the cell)?
(From: http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Promoter.html)
· Some genes are expressed in all cells all the time. These so-called housekeeping genes are responsible for the routine metabolic functions (e.g. respiration) common to all cells.
· Some genes are expressed as a cell undergoes ‘differentiation’.
· Some genes are expressed in only those cells after they have differentiated (specialized) in a particular way.
· Some genes are expressed only as conditions around and in the cell change. For example, the arrival of a hormone may turn on (or off) certain genes in that cell.
Complete Part 7 Self-Evaluation
The Cell
Post-Test
1. Write the appropriate term after the definitions below.
a. The building blocks of proteins; many of these are bonded together to form a protein
b. Proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions
c. The structures in the nuclei of cells which contain the highly coiled DNA molecule; humans have 46 of these structures
d. A section of DNA containing the instructions for making one protein
e. Groups of similar cells performing similar functions
f. Organelles in the cell that are the sites of protein synthesis
g. Pairs of chromosomes, one from the mother and one from the father
h. Molecules embedded in the plasma membrane of cells, they interact with (bond to) molecules outside of the cell
i. A picture of all of the chromosomes, with the homologs together
2. Write the appropriate cell organelle next to the following description.
a. Used to acquire energy from glucose
b. Organelle composed of flattened sacs of membranes; ‘packages’ proteins
c. Composed of protein rods and cylinders-movement & structure
d. May be found on the surface of the ER or in the cytoplasm
e. Contain about 40 digestive enzymes
ab. Controls what enters and leaves a cell
ac. Composed of folded membrane tubes: molecule storage, transport, may have ribosomes on its
surface
ad. Contains 46 chromosomes in humans
ae. According to evolutionary theory, this organelle used to be a free-living bacteria-like organism
3. Match the tissues with the appropriate description.
1. Muscle tissue a. Lines the surfaces of the body
2. Nervous tissue b. Examples are blood, fat, cartilage, and bone
3. Epithelial tissue c. Movement
4. Connective tissue d. Sends electrical & chemical signals to coordinate &
control body activities
4. Which genetic disorder results in a loss of cellular functional shape due to a loss of connections between the plasma membrane and the cytoskeleton? Red blood cells balloon out and, therefore, have difficulty moving through small capillaries.
5. Which genetic disorder results in an inability to break down glycogen in lysosomes? It builds up in tissues and usually results in an early death.
6. Each person obtains one member of each homologous pair from his/her
and one member from his/her . These are the maternal and
paternal members of each homologous pair. They are also called ‘homologs’.
7. The watery portion of the cytoplasm is called the .
8. All living things are composed of cells. Cells are the basic unit of life. Cells only come from pre-existing cells. These above were combined to form the
theory.
9. Structure determines .
10. The interior of the cell as a whole is called the .
11. Membrane-bound sacs are called .
12. Which genetic disorder results in blindness?
13. What genetic disorder results in a defective gene for dystrophin?
14. In order to form all of the different types of cells in the body, different genes are turned on and off in different cells. This process of forming different types of cells is called… OR
15. Sex cells are the same thing as sex chromosomes.
A. True B. False
16. The first cell formed after fertilization is called the .
17. What does the sperm contribute to the first cell formed after fertilization?
18. What does the egg contribute to the first cell formed after fertilization?
19. Why are many chemical reactions performed at membranes?
20. What genetic disorder is lethal to males and results in a variety of symptoms for females
(such as marbled skin, vesicles that turn wart-like, loss of hair, seizures…)?
21. What genetic disorder is caused by defective proteins which connect the outer layer of the skin to the underlying layer? This results in boils and various other defects.
22. Genes determine what a cell can make.
23. How many total chromosomes are found in most human cells?
24. There are two exceptions to the above. What are they? Why?
25. How are homologous chromosomes alike?
26. How are homologous chromosomes different?
27. Which level of DNA coiling is found in cells the majority of the time (see illustration in this document of the uncoiling chromosome)?
28. Which form of chromosomes is found in cells during ‘cell division’ (see illustration of
the uncoiling chromosome)?
29. How many chromosomes did you get from your father?
30. How many chromosomes did you get from your mother?
Match the following:
31. Multipotent a. not able to develop into any other types of cells
complete new organism
32. Totipotent
b. able to develop into many different types of cells
33. Pluripotent
c. able to develop only into a few different types of cells
34. Specialized
d. able to develop into any type of cell, including an
35. List the three statements included in the Cell Theory. What ‘organism’ is an exception to the cell theory?
36. In complete sentences, describe the structure and function(s) of one example of the organelles discussed in class.
37. Describe the functions of marker and receptor proteins in the plasma membrane. Know their functions, specific examples given in lecture, why they are important, and how they ‘work’.
38. Explain why many researchers believe mitochondria were at one time single-celled
organisms (like bacteria) that were incorporated into and remained in a larger cell.
39. Describe the process which results in the specialization of cells and when this occurs during development.
40. Describe the steps that the cell might take, beginning in the nucleus, to form a functional protein. Use at least six cell organelles to describe how a protein may be synthesized, altered and transported to be able to carry out its intended function for the cell/body. Explain why each step is occurring or why the protein is would interact with each organelle.
41. Describe why/how membranes may ‘pinch off’ from structure and relocate to another place in the cell or become part of another structure in the cell.
42. Describe four different times when a gene might be expressed or ‘turned on’. What does it mean when a gene is turned on (expressed)?
43. What organelle is affected by Tay Sachs and Pompe disease? What specifically is defective/missing in each of these diseases?
44. Know the specific examples of organelle functions given in lecture.
45. Label the cell organelles in the illustration of the cell on the last page.
Practice labeling the cell.
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