Steps to Civil Rights
•1857______, a slave, was taken into free territory by his master. Scott, sues for his freedom.
•“Blacks unfit to associate ______, either in social or political relations.”
•“Had ______which the white man was bound to respect.”
•Scott “______…and could not sue in court.”
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•14th Amendment 1868
• “All persons born or naturalized in the United States….are made citizens of the United States. No law…shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens…nor deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, or deny any person….the equal protection of the laws.”
•14th amendment guarantees the bill of rights ______. Before this is passed, the bill of rights only applied to federal government.
•Before the 14th Amendment, civil rights are guaranteed by the state ______.
•15th Amendment 1870
•Rights of citizens of the United States ______shall not be denied…based on race, color, or previous servitude.
•Southern states use poll tax, literacy tests and grandfather clause to get around ______in denying blacks the vote.
•1896 Plessy v. Ferguson
•This is the case that held “______” was okay.
• “If the civil and political rights of both be equal, one cannot be inferior to the other civilly or politically. If one race be inferior to the other socially, the constitution of the United States cannot put them upon the same plane.”
•Plessy doesn’t go against ______because the law is applied to each race equally. Both races are separate according to the Supreme Court at that time.
•If your ______could vote, you are eligible to vote. This law was used throughout the south to deny ______.
•It was repealed in 1915. (Guinn v. U.S., it goes against the 15th amendment)
•President ______signs executive order 9981
•Signed in 1948, this order ______the military.
•Brown v. Board of Education 1954
•Separate but Equal of “Plessy” ______by Brown decision.
•“Separate is ______is based on new psychology studies.
•Court bans all segregation in ______and orders integration “with all due deliberate speed.”
•Montgomery Bus boycott
1955
•______is arrested for refusing to give up bus seat to a white man.
•Martin Luther King and others organize bus boycott.
•MLK makes his name here.
•It costs the bus system ______of its revenue.
•Blacks who______are arrested.
•Dr. King arrested and fined $500 and sentenced to 386 days in jail.
•Eight months later the Supreme Court decided that ______violate the constitution, order buses desegregated.
•Emmitt Till 1955
•Born and raised in Chicago, visiting relatives in Mississippi.
•Whistles at a ______.
•Several nights later, ______dragged from the house, beaten, eyes gouged out shot through the head. He is weighted and thrown in a river.
•His body is later recovered and buried in Chicago.
•His murderers are ______and later brag about the killing.
•Till became symbol of disparity of ______for blacks in the South.
•Emmitt Till verdict Showed the problem of using the system.
•Little Rock 9: 1957
•1955, Little Rock School Board agrees on plan for ______.
•Integration to begin in 1957 with just the ______being integrated.
•______block the students from entering the school
•Governor ______orders the Guard out to protect….the ______.
•______meets with Faubus and warns him to go along with deseg order.
•Eisenhower then sends in ______to protect….the students.
•Faubus closed the four high schools and attempted to lease them to private organizations so that they could be again segregated. ______remained closed for a year. They reopen and are desegregated.
•Hatred for ______rose as a result.
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•Sit-In Campaign1960
•Joseph McNeill, a black student in North Carolina, was ______at Woolworths lunch counter.
•He returned the next day with ______other students and sat there until they were served. They were abused but ______.
•Similar ______were launched across the nation.
•Student volunteers called “______” began testing state laws prohibiting ______on buses and at terminals and railway stations.
•______demonstrations were met with ______along the way.
•University Mississippi Riot 1962
•James Meredith, a black student, enrolled at ______.
•______escort him to campus the first day of classes.
•Riot broke out
•Kennedy sends in ______to quell riots and protect Meredith.
•Birmingham Campaign, Spring 1963
•Sit-Ins, marches and boycotts of city businesses to protest ______.
•Protest march in Birmingham met with ______and ______.
•______, police chief, enforced racial segregation with force, making him the international symbol of ______in America.
•Connor orders the brutality used by ______, it’s nationally televised.
•Millions horrified, turns many ______of civil rights movement.
•MLK and others jailed
•Letter To Martin Luther King from Group of ______April 1963
•Numerous denominational clergy write to MLK to protest demonstrations and the use of NVCD (______).
•“An Appeal for Law and Order and Common Sense” in dealing with ______in Alabama.’
•Martin Luther King Letter from Birmingham Jail
•In response to “Letter to Martin Luther King” from Group of Clergymen, King writes a response to this letter from jail in Birmingham.
•He writes it in the margins of a newspaper and smuggled out of jail by his lawyer.