COUNCIL for PARITY DEMOCRACY

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19 Mulready House Herrick Street Westminster London England SW1P 4JL

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Honorary Secretary

Raymond Lloyd

FORMER HEADS of STATE and Other WOMEN LEADERS throughout the WORLD: 1945-2003

List 4x 601 names 16 May 2003 £ 120 US$ 200

SUMMARY

Page Countries Names

1. Former Heads & Deputy Heads of State and Government since 1945

A. Heads of State and Government 2 14 27

B. Heads of State 2- 3 27 31

C. Heads of Government 3- 4 49 66

-- 124

2. Former Presiding & Deputy Presiding Officers of Parliament since 1960

A. National Parliaments 4- 6 62 120

B. State, Provincial or Territorial Assemblies 6- 7 12 52

C. Regional and International Assemblies 7 13 18

--- 190

3. Former Heads of Provincial or State Governments since 1945

A. Constitutionally Appointed 7- 8 10 40

B. Politically Elected 8-10 17 129

--- 169

4. Former Women Ministers in National Governments (see lists 1-70)

5. Former Judges of Supreme & Similar Courts since 1980

A. National or Federal Supreme Courts 11 11 12

B. State and Regional Courts 11 2 3

C. International Courts 11 2 2

-- 17

6. Former Governors & Deputy Governors of Central Banks since 1950

A. National Banks 11-12 31 49

B. International Banks 12 4 5

-- 54

7. Former Bishops & Religious Leaders since 1980 12 4

13

8. Former Heads of International Organizations since 1980 12-13 22

34

---

601

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This list is a development of the writer's research, from 1980 on, to promote the appointment of able women to posts of executive leadership in national and international bodies. To date some 4700 women from 130 democracies have been named in over 80 lists issued three to six times a year since 1980.

From List No 1 of 17 February 1989 to No 55 of 18 July 2000, the bimonthly lists of "Women Heads of State" named both present and past leaders. After total names passed the 1500 mark in 2000, I began dividing the lists: one of some 1200 current leaders, including 600 women ministers in 175 national governments; and this one of 575 past leaders since 1945. The list of 1200 current leaders is issued bimonthly, and the above list yearly. Even so, the present list, like previous comprehensive lists, does not include past women ministers in national governments, the growing number of which would again make the list unmanageable.

The lists owe much to "People in Power", the world's most comprehensive directory of political leadership in sovereign countries and the first systematically to identify women leaders. "People in Power" 228 pp ISSN 0965-7517 is compiled bimonthly at Cambridge International Reference on Current Affairs (CIRCA) by Rosemary Payne and Catherine Jagger 13-17 Sturton Street Cambridge England CB1 2SN (tel + 44 1223 568 017).

An excellent website on "Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership", both past and present, not least of junior ministers, is maintained by Martin Iversen Christensen at www.guide2womenleaders.com. Information on most women presidents, prime ministers, foreign and finance ministers are complemented with photos, usually in colour. Martin has also compiled lists of women with political authority for each period from 4500 BCE to 2000 CE. My own bimonthly List 70 of 16 May 2003, with 1166 names, may be found on my website on paritocracy http://groups.msn.com/shequality


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1. Women Heads or Deputy Heads of State and Government since 1945: 124

* Name or office added since previous list

A. Former Heads of State and Government: 27

Country Name Office Term of Office

Argentina Isabel Martinez de PERON President 1.7.1974-24.3.1976

Bolivia Lidia GUEILER Tejada Acting President 16.11.1979-17.7.1980

Costa Rica Victoria GARRON de Doryan Second Vice-President 8.5.1986- 8.5.1990

Rebeca Crynspan Second Vice-President 8.5.1994- 8.5.1998

Astrid Fischel First Vice-President 8.5.1998-2002

Elizabeth Odio Second Vice-President 8.5.1998-2002

Ecuador Rosalia Arteaga President 9-12.2.1997

Vice-President 10.8.1996- 3.1998

Guyana Viola Burnham Vice-President & Vice-P Minister 8.1985-19??

Janet Jagan President 19.12.1997-11.8.1999

Honduras Guadalupe Jerezano Vice-President 27.1.1994-27.1.1998

Gladys Caballero de Arevalo Vice-President 2000-27.1.2002

Indonesia Megawati Sukarnoputri Vice-President 21.10.1999-23.7.2001

Liberia Ruth Perry Chair Council of State 3.9.1996-2.8.1997

Victoria Refell Deputy Chair Council of State 3.9.1996-2.8.1997

Nicaragua Violeta Barrios de CHAMORRO President 25.4.1990-10.1.1997

Julia de la Cruz MENA Rivera Vice-President 10.1995-10.1.1997

Rwanda Agathe Uwilingiymana Interim President (assassinated) 6- 7.4.1994

Philippines Corazon Aquino President 25.2.1986-30.6.1992

Gloria Arroyo Vice-President 30.6.1998-19.1.2001

San Marino Maria Lea Pedini-Angelini Captain Regent 1.4-30.9.1981

Gloriana Ranocchini Captain Regent 1.4-30.9.1984, 1.4-30.9.1989

Edda Ceccoli Captain Regent 1.10.1991-1.4.1992, 1.4-30.9.1998

Patricia Busignani Captain Regent 1.4-30.9.1993

Rosa Zafferani Captain Regent 1.4-30.9.1999

Maria Domenica Michelotti Captain Regent 1.4-30.9.2000

Switzerland Ruth Dreifuss President 1.1-31.12.1999

Vice-President 1.1-31.12.1998

Venezuela Adina Bastidas Vice-President 24.12.2000-2.2002

B. Former Heads of State: 31

Albania Emine Guri Vice-President 1982-1989

Bahamas Doris Johnson Acting Governor General 1979

Barbados Nita Barrow Governor General (died in office) 1990-19.12.1995

Belize Minita Gordon Governor General 21.9.1981-1993

Bhutan Ashi Kesang Queen Regent 22.4-24.7.1972

Bosnia & Herzegovina Tatjana Ljujic-Mijatovic Member Bosnian Presidency ?1993-1996

Bulgaria Blaga Dimitrova Vice-President 1.1992-7.1993

Burundi Sylvie Kinigi Acting Head of State 27.10-5.11.1993

Cambodia Kossamak Nearireath Queen Regent 3.4-10.7.1960, 3-10.1970

Canada Jeanne Sauvé Governor General 1984-1989

China SOONG Ching Ling Vice-Chair 31.10.1968-24.2.1972

Honorary President ?.1979-29.5.1981

Germany (DDR) Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Acting Head of State 5.4-2.10.1990

Guinea-Bissau Carmen Pereira Acting Head of State 14-16.5.1984

Guyana Viola Burnham Vice-President 8.1985-1991

Haiti Ertha Pascal-Trouillot President 12.3.1990-6.2.1991

Iceland Vigdis Finnbogadottir President 1.8.1980-31.7.1996

Ireland Mary Robinson President 3.12.1990-12.9.1997

Lesotho 'Ma-Mohato Regent-Queen 5.6-20.11.70,6-12.11.90,17.1-6.2.1996

Luxembourg Charlotte Grand Duchess 15.1.1919-12.11.1964

Malta Agatha Barbara President 15.2.1982-15.2.1987

Mongolia Yanjamaa Nemendeyen Subaataryn Acting Head of State 23.9.1953-7.7.1954

Netherlands Juliana Queen 4.9.1948-30.4.1980

New Zealand Catherine Tizard Governor General 12.1990-3.1996

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(#) The above threefold division is useful, though not perfect: thus, while the Nicaraguan president (in A) actually held the defence portfolio, others (in B) may have held constitutional defence responsibilities. And a universally elected president, as in Ireland, has greater moral authority than one chosen by parliament. Also the list includes only formally-designated Deputy Prime Ministers, as distinct from other women listed second (or third) in cabinets.


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B. Former Heads of State: 31 continued

Country Name Office Term of Office

Romania Maria Paretti Vice-President 1961-1966

Constanta Craciun Vice-President 1966-1970

Maria Ciocan Vice-President 1980-1985

Maria Ghitulica Vice-President 1985-1989

Swaziland Dzeliwe Queen Regent 21.9.1982-9.8.1983

Ntombi Queen Regent 18.9.1983-25.4.1986

Thailand Sirikit Queen Regent 22.10-7.12.1956

Tonga Salote Tupou III Queen 1918-15.12.1965

C. Former Heads of Government: 66

Albania Makbule Ceco Deputy Prime Minister 29.10.1999-7.9.2001

Austria *Susanne Riess-Passer Vice-Chancellor 4.2.2000-8.9.2002

Bangladesh Khaleda Zia Prime Minister 20. 3.1991-30.3.1996

Sheikh Hasina Wajed Prime Minister 24.6.1996-12.6.2001

Bulgaria Drazha Deleva Vulcheva Deputy Prime Minister 1979-81

Reneta Indjova Prime Minister 17.10.1994-24.1.1995

Christina Vutcheva First Deputy Prime Minister 17.10.1994-24.1.1995

Burundi Sylvie Kinigi Prime Minister 10.7.1993- 7.2.1994

Canada Kim Campbell Prime Minister 25.6-29.9.1993

Flora MacDonald Acting Prime Minister (some days)1987-88

Sheila Copps Deputy Prime Minister 4.11.1993- 2.6.1997

Central African R Elizabeth Domitien Prime Minister 3.1.1975-7.4.1976

Croatia Ljerka Mintas-Hodak Deputy Prime Minister 12.1995-27.1.2000

Czechoslovakia Ludmilla Jankovcova Deputy Prime Minister 1954-63

Denmark Mimi Jakobsen First Deputy Prime Minister 25.1.1993-1996

Marianne Jelved Deputy Prime Minister 1993-2001

Dominica Eugenia Charles Prime Minister 21.7.1980-13.6.1995

East Timor Melina Perez Vice-President National Council 10.2000-20.9.2001

Fiji Taufa Vakatale Deputy Prime Minister 8.1997-5.1999

Kuini Vuikaba Speed Deputy Prime Minister 5.1999-27.5.2000

Finland Tynne Leivo-Larson Deputy Prime Minister 1958

France Nicole Questiaux Deputy Prime Minister 1980

Edith Cresson Prime Minister 15.5.1991- 2.4.1992

Georgia Irena Sarishvili Deputy Prime Minister 11.9-?.11.1993

Grenada Grace Duncan Deputy Prime Minister 30.9.1996- .2.1997

Guyana Janet Jagan Prime Minister 17.3-19.12.1997

Haiti Claudette Werleigh Prime Minister 7.11.1995-26.2.1996

Hungary Judit Csehak Deputy Prime Minister 1984-87

India Indira Gandhi Prime Minister (assassinated) 1.66-3.77,1.80-31.10.84

Israel Golda Meir Prime Minister 17.3.1969-10.4.1974

Jordan Rima Khalaf Hunaidi Deputy Prime Minister 4.3.1999-15.1.2000

Kazakstan Aitkul Samakova Deputy Prime Minister 22.1.1999-12.10.1999

Korea DPR KIM Pok-Sin Deputy Premier 1981-96

Kyrgyzstan Mira Jangaracheva Deputy Prime Minister 3.1996-4.4.1998

Lithuania Irena Degutiene Acting Prime Minister 3-18.5, 27.10-3.11.1999

Luxembourg Colette Flesch Deputy Prime Minister 1980-84

Macedonia Dosta Dimovska Vice-Premier 30.11.98-1.12.00,30.11.01-18.1.02

Radmila Kiprijanova-Radovanovik Vice-Premier 30.11.1998-28.11.1999

Moldova Lidia Gutu Deputy Prime Minister 21.12.1999-20.4.2001

Mongolia Nyam-Osoriyn Tuya Acting Prime Minister 22-30.7.1999

Nepal Salaija Acharya Deputy Prime Minister 18.4-28.12.1998

New Zealand Helen Clark Deputy Prime Minister 8.1989- 90

Jenny Shipley Prime Minister 8.12.1997-10.12.1999

Norway Gro Harlem BRUNDTLAND Prime Minister 1981, 1986-89,3.11.90-23.10.1996

Anne Enger Lahnstein Acting Prime Minister 30.8-23.9.1998

Deputy Prime Minister 15.3.1999-17.3.2000

Pakistan Benazir Bhutto Prime Minister 2.12.88-6.8.90, 20.10.93-5.11.96

Poland Hanna Suchocka Prime Minister 8.7.1992-16.10.1993

Portugal Maria de Lurdes PINTASILGO Prime Minister 1.8.1979-3.1.1980

Russia *Valentina Matviyenko Deputy Chair Council of Ministers 10.1998-3.2003

Rwanda Agathe Uwilingiymana Prime Minister (assassinated) 16.7.1993- 7. 4.1994

Senegal *Mama Madior Boye Prime Minister 3.3.2001-4.11.2002

Slovakia Brigita Schmoegnerovna Deputy Prime Minister 16.3.1994- 3.11.1994

Katarina Tothova Deputy Prime Minister 13.12.1994-30.10.1998

*Maria Kadlecikova Deputy Prime Minister 4.2001-16.10.2002


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C. Former Heads of Government: 66 continued

Country Name Office Term of Office

Sri Lanka Sirimavo Bandaranaike Prime Minister 7.60-5.65,31.5.70- 21.7.1977

14.11.1994-10.8.2000

Chandrika Kumaratunga Prime Minister 19.8.94-10.11.1994

Sweden Mona Sahlin Deputy Prime Minister 3.10.1994-10.11.1995

*Lena Hjelm-Wallen Deputy Prime Minister 6.10.1998-21.10.2002

Tajikistan Bozgul Dodkhudoyeva Deputy Prime Minister 2-7.1994

Munira Inoyatova Abdulloyevna Deputy Prime Minister 7.1994-21.12.1999

Turkey Tansu Ciller Prime Minister 14.6.1993-12. 3.1996

Deputy Prime Minister 28.6.1996-30. 6.1997

Turkmenistan Abad Sehedovna Risaeva Deputy Prime Minister 3.1994- 6.1997

Ukraine Yulia Tymoshenko Deputy Prime Minister 30.12.1999-19.1.2001

United Kingdom Margaret Thatcher Prime Minister 4.5.1979-28.11.1990

Yugoslavia Milka Planinc Prime Minister 15.5.1982-15.5.1986

Maya Gojkovic Deputy Prime Minister 12.8.1999-10.2000

2. Women Presiding & Deputy Presiding Officers of Parliament since 1945 (#): 176

A. National Parliaments: 120

Antigua & Barbuda Novelle Richards President Senate 1964-71

Millicent Percival President Senate 1994-99

Bridget Harris Speaker House of Representatives 1994-99

Argentina Isabel Martinez de PERON Acting President Senate 12.10.73-1.7.74

Australia Joan Child Speaker House of Representatives 1986-89

*Margaret Elizabeth Reid Speaker Senate 1996-2002

Austria Olga Rudel-Zeynek President Federal Council 12.27-5.1928, 6-11.1932

Johanna Bayer President Federal Council 1.7-31.12.1953

Helen Tschitschenko President Federal Council 1-6.65,68,7-12.69,1-6.74

Helga Heiden-Sommer President Federal Council 1.7-31.12.87

Heidi Schmidt Deputy Speaker National Council 1994-

Anna Elisabeth Haselbach President Federal Council 1.1-30.6.91,95,2000

Bahamas Doris Johnson Speaker Senate 1973-83

Italia Johnson Deputy Speaker House of Assembly 1992-97

Belarus Tamara Dudko Vice President (Upper) Council of Republic 1997-99

Belize Doris June Garcia President Senate 1984-89

Jane Usher President Senate 1989-93

*Sylvia Flores Speaker House of Representatives 1998-2003

Bolivia Lidia GUEILER Tejada President Chamber of Deputies 1979

Bulgaria Sneahana Botyshorova Acting President National Assembly 1992

Canada Muriel McQueen Fergusson Speaker Senate 1972-74

Renaude La Pointe Speaker Senate 1974-79

Jeanne Sauvè Speaker House of Commons 1980-84

Cape Verde Carmen Pereira President National Assembly 1975-80

China CHEN Muhua V-Chair Standing Cte Peoples Congress 1988-98

Costa Rica Rosemary Karpinsky Rodero de M Speaker Legislative Assembly 1986-87

Croatia Katica Ivanisevic President House of Counties 4.1993-00

Jadranka Kosor Dep Pres House of Representatives 10.1995-99

Czechoslovakia Dagmar Buresova President National Council 1990-91

Czech Republic Jaroslava Moserova Vice-President Senate 1996-98

Denmark Ingeborg Hansen Speaker Landsting (Upper House) 1950-53

Dominica Marie Davis-Pierre Speaker House of Assembly 1980-88

Neva Edwards Speaker House of Assembly 1990-95

Dominican Republic *Lia Rafaela Albuquerque President Chamber of Deputies 8.1999-8.2000

El Salvador Julia Castillo Rodas Speaker Legislative Assembly 1981-82

Gloria Salguero Gross Speaker Legislative Assembly 3.1994-97

Ethiopia Almaz Meko Speaker Federal Council 1995-2000

Fiji Samanunu Cakobau Tolakuli Chair Great Council of Chiefs 1994-95

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(#) A good guide to women members of some 177 parliaments, by name for Presiding Officers, otherwise by number, is to be found in "Women in Politics: 1945-2000", ISBN 92-9142-085-9, published in June 2000 by the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), B P 438, CH-1211 Geneva 19, tel (+ 41 22) 919 4150. MP numbers are frequently updated on the IPU website http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm


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A. National Parliaments: 120 (continued)

Country Name Office Term of Office

Finland Elsi Hetema-Orlander First Deputy Speaker Eduskunta 1988-91

*Riitta Uosukainen Speaker Eduskunta 1991-3.2003

*Saara-Maria Paakkinen First Deputy Speaker Eduskunta 1995-3.2003

Germany Annemarie Renger President Bundestag 1972-76

Rita Suessmuth President Bundestag 1988-94,1994-98

Grenada Margaret Neckles Speaker Senate 1990-95

Marcelle Peters Speaker House of Representatives 1992-95

Guatemala Ana Catalina Soberanis Reyes President Congress of the Republic 14.1.91-92

Arabella Castro Quinones de C President Congress of the Republic 1994-95,1997-98

Guinea-Bissau Carmen Pereira President National Assembly 1984-89

Guyana Lola Willems President House of Assembly 1973-83

Hungary Erzebet Metzker Vass President National Assembly 1963-67

Iceland Ragnhildur Helgadottir President Lower House 1974-78

Salome Thorkelsdottir President Upper House 1983-87

Gudrun Helgadottir President (Unicameral) Althing 1988-91

Salome Thorkelsdottir President (Unicameral) Althing 1991-95

India Violet Alva (Dep) Chair Rajya Sabha-States Council 1962-69

Pratibha Devi Patel (Dep) Chair Rajya Sabha 18.11.1986-5.11.1988

Najma Heptulla (Dep) Chair Rajya Sabha 18.11.88-4.7.92,25.1.85-20.1.86

Indonesia Aisyah Aminyh Acting Pres House of Representatives 1998-99

Ireland Tras Honan Speaker Senate 23.5.82-23.2.83,1987-89

Italy Nilde Iotti President Chamber of Deputies 1979-92

Irene Pivetti President Chamber of Deputies 16.4.1994-10.5.1996

Jamaica Jeanette Grant-Woodham Speaker Senate 1983-89

Syringa Marshall-Burnett Speaker Senate 1996-98

*Violet Neilson Speaker House of Representatives 12.1997-2002

Japan Takako Doi Speaker House of Representatives 8.1993-96

Kazakstan Zinayida Fedotova Speaker Parliament 199?

Latvia Ilga Kreituse President Saeima 1995-96

Luxembourg Erna Hennicot-Schoepges Speaker Chamber of Deputies 1989-94,1994-1.95

Malta Miriam Spiteri Debono Speaker House of Representatives 1996-2001

Mexico Maria Lavalle Urbina President Senate 12.1965

Lucia Carrasco Xochipa President Senate 12.1993

Maria Guadelupe Lopez Breton President Senate 1995

Hilda Anderson Nevarez President Chamber of Deputies 1976

Marcela Gonzales S Pietricioli President Chamber of Deputies 1982

Graciela Larios Rivas President Chamber of Deputies 1987

Maria de los Angeles MORENO President Chamber of Deputies 1994

President Senate 1997,1999-2000

Mongolia Yanjamaa Nemendeyen Subaataryn Acting Chair National Great Khural 23.9.1953-7.7.1954

Nicaragua Myriam Arguello Morales President National Assembly 1990-91

Netherlands *Jeltje Van Nieuwenhoven Speaker Second Chamber States-General 1998-2000

Norway Torild Skard President Lagting (Upper House) 1973-77

Magit Tosdal President Lagting (Upper House) 1977-81

Ase Wind Lionaes President Odelsting (Lower House) 1973-77

Liv Andersen President Odelsting (Lower House) 1981-85

Deputy President Storting (Grand Assembly) 1977-81

Ashild Hauen President Odelsting (Lower House) 1985-89