COUNCIL for PARITY DEMOCRACY
______
19 Mulready House Herrick Street Westminster London England SW1P 4JL
Tel & Fax + 44 20 7834 1309 Mobile + 44 7932 79 44 32 Email
http://groups.msn.com/shequality
Honorary Secretary
Raymond Lloyd
FORMER HEADS of STATE and Other WOMEN LEADERS throughout the WORLD: 1945-2003
List 4x 601 names 16 May 2003 £ 120 US$ 200
SUMMARY
Page Countries Names
1. Former Heads & Deputy Heads of State and Government since 1945
A. Heads of State and Government 2 14 27
B. Heads of State 2- 3 27 31
C. Heads of Government 3- 4 49 66
-- 124
2. Former Presiding & Deputy Presiding Officers of Parliament since 1960
A. National Parliaments 4- 6 62 120
B. State, Provincial or Territorial Assemblies 6- 7 12 52
C. Regional and International Assemblies 7 13 18
--- 190
3. Former Heads of Provincial or State Governments since 1945
A. Constitutionally Appointed 7- 8 10 40
B. Politically Elected 8-10 17 129
--- 169
4. Former Women Ministers in National Governments (see lists 1-70)
5. Former Judges of Supreme & Similar Courts since 1980
A. National or Federal Supreme Courts 11 11 12
B. State and Regional Courts 11 2 3
C. International Courts 11 2 2
-- 17
6. Former Governors & Deputy Governors of Central Banks since 1950
A. National Banks 11-12 31 49
B. International Banks 12 4 5
-- 54
7. Former Bishops & Religious Leaders since 1980 12 4
13
8. Former Heads of International Organizations since 1980 12-13 22
34
---
601
------
This list is a development of the writer's research, from 1980 on, to promote the appointment of able women to posts of executive leadership in national and international bodies. To date some 4700 women from 130 democracies have been named in over 80 lists issued three to six times a year since 1980.
From List No 1 of 17 February 1989 to No 55 of 18 July 2000, the bimonthly lists of "Women Heads of State" named both present and past leaders. After total names passed the 1500 mark in 2000, I began dividing the lists: one of some 1200 current leaders, including 600 women ministers in 175 national governments; and this one of 575 past leaders since 1945. The list of 1200 current leaders is issued bimonthly, and the above list yearly. Even so, the present list, like previous comprehensive lists, does not include past women ministers in national governments, the growing number of which would again make the list unmanageable.
The lists owe much to "People in Power", the world's most comprehensive directory of political leadership in sovereign countries and the first systematically to identify women leaders. "People in Power" 228 pp ISSN 0965-7517 is compiled bimonthly at Cambridge International Reference on Current Affairs (CIRCA) by Rosemary Payne and Catherine Jagger 13-17 Sturton Street Cambridge England CB1 2SN (tel + 44 1223 568 017).
An excellent website on "Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership", both past and present, not least of junior ministers, is maintained by Martin Iversen Christensen at www.guide2womenleaders.com. Information on most women presidents, prime ministers, foreign and finance ministers are complemented with photos, usually in colour. Martin has also compiled lists of women with political authority for each period from 4500 BCE to 2000 CE. My own bimonthly List 70 of 16 May 2003, with 1166 names, may be found on my website on paritocracy http://groups.msn.com/shequality
- 2 (wg4x) -
1. Women Heads or Deputy Heads of State and Government since 1945: 124
* Name or office added since previous list
A. Former Heads of State and Government: 27
Country Name Office Term of Office
Argentina Isabel Martinez de PERON President 1.7.1974-24.3.1976
Bolivia Lidia GUEILER Tejada Acting President 16.11.1979-17.7.1980
Costa Rica Victoria GARRON de Doryan Second Vice-President 8.5.1986- 8.5.1990
Rebeca Crynspan Second Vice-President 8.5.1994- 8.5.1998
Astrid Fischel First Vice-President 8.5.1998-2002
Elizabeth Odio Second Vice-President 8.5.1998-2002
Ecuador Rosalia Arteaga President 9-12.2.1997
Vice-President 10.8.1996- 3.1998
Guyana Viola Burnham Vice-President & Vice-P Minister 8.1985-19??
Janet Jagan President 19.12.1997-11.8.1999
Honduras Guadalupe Jerezano Vice-President 27.1.1994-27.1.1998
Gladys Caballero de Arevalo Vice-President 2000-27.1.2002
Indonesia Megawati Sukarnoputri Vice-President 21.10.1999-23.7.2001
Liberia Ruth Perry Chair Council of State 3.9.1996-2.8.1997
Victoria Refell Deputy Chair Council of State 3.9.1996-2.8.1997
Nicaragua Violeta Barrios de CHAMORRO President 25.4.1990-10.1.1997
Julia de la Cruz MENA Rivera Vice-President 10.1995-10.1.1997
Rwanda Agathe Uwilingiymana Interim President (assassinated) 6- 7.4.1994
Philippines Corazon Aquino President 25.2.1986-30.6.1992
Gloria Arroyo Vice-President 30.6.1998-19.1.2001
San Marino Maria Lea Pedini-Angelini Captain Regent 1.4-30.9.1981
Gloriana Ranocchini Captain Regent 1.4-30.9.1984, 1.4-30.9.1989
Edda Ceccoli Captain Regent 1.10.1991-1.4.1992, 1.4-30.9.1998
Patricia Busignani Captain Regent 1.4-30.9.1993
Rosa Zafferani Captain Regent 1.4-30.9.1999
Maria Domenica Michelotti Captain Regent 1.4-30.9.2000
Switzerland Ruth Dreifuss President 1.1-31.12.1999
Vice-President 1.1-31.12.1998
Venezuela Adina Bastidas Vice-President 24.12.2000-2.2002
B. Former Heads of State: 31
Albania Emine Guri Vice-President 1982-1989
Bahamas Doris Johnson Acting Governor General 1979
Barbados Nita Barrow Governor General (died in office) 1990-19.12.1995
Belize Minita Gordon Governor General 21.9.1981-1993
Bhutan Ashi Kesang Queen Regent 22.4-24.7.1972
Bosnia & Herzegovina Tatjana Ljujic-Mijatovic Member Bosnian Presidency ?1993-1996
Bulgaria Blaga Dimitrova Vice-President 1.1992-7.1993
Burundi Sylvie Kinigi Acting Head of State 27.10-5.11.1993
Cambodia Kossamak Nearireath Queen Regent 3.4-10.7.1960, 3-10.1970
Canada Jeanne Sauvé Governor General 1984-1989
China SOONG Ching Ling Vice-Chair 31.10.1968-24.2.1972
Honorary President ?.1979-29.5.1981
Germany (DDR) Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Acting Head of State 5.4-2.10.1990
Guinea-Bissau Carmen Pereira Acting Head of State 14-16.5.1984
Guyana Viola Burnham Vice-President 8.1985-1991
Haiti Ertha Pascal-Trouillot President 12.3.1990-6.2.1991
Iceland Vigdis Finnbogadottir President 1.8.1980-31.7.1996
Ireland Mary Robinson President 3.12.1990-12.9.1997
Lesotho 'Ma-Mohato Regent-Queen 5.6-20.11.70,6-12.11.90,17.1-6.2.1996
Luxembourg Charlotte Grand Duchess 15.1.1919-12.11.1964
Malta Agatha Barbara President 15.2.1982-15.2.1987
Mongolia Yanjamaa Nemendeyen Subaataryn Acting Head of State 23.9.1953-7.7.1954
Netherlands Juliana Queen 4.9.1948-30.4.1980
New Zealand Catherine Tizard Governor General 12.1990-3.1996
------
(#) The above threefold division is useful, though not perfect: thus, while the Nicaraguan president (in A) actually held the defence portfolio, others (in B) may have held constitutional defence responsibilities. And a universally elected president, as in Ireland, has greater moral authority than one chosen by parliament. Also the list includes only formally-designated Deputy Prime Ministers, as distinct from other women listed second (or third) in cabinets.
- 3 (wg4x) -
B. Former Heads of State: 31 continued
Country Name Office Term of Office
Romania Maria Paretti Vice-President 1961-1966
Constanta Craciun Vice-President 1966-1970
Maria Ciocan Vice-President 1980-1985
Maria Ghitulica Vice-President 1985-1989
Swaziland Dzeliwe Queen Regent 21.9.1982-9.8.1983
Ntombi Queen Regent 18.9.1983-25.4.1986
Thailand Sirikit Queen Regent 22.10-7.12.1956
Tonga Salote Tupou III Queen 1918-15.12.1965
C. Former Heads of Government: 66
Albania Makbule Ceco Deputy Prime Minister 29.10.1999-7.9.2001
Austria *Susanne Riess-Passer Vice-Chancellor 4.2.2000-8.9.2002
Bangladesh Khaleda Zia Prime Minister 20. 3.1991-30.3.1996
Sheikh Hasina Wajed Prime Minister 24.6.1996-12.6.2001
Bulgaria Drazha Deleva Vulcheva Deputy Prime Minister 1979-81
Reneta Indjova Prime Minister 17.10.1994-24.1.1995
Christina Vutcheva First Deputy Prime Minister 17.10.1994-24.1.1995
Burundi Sylvie Kinigi Prime Minister 10.7.1993- 7.2.1994
Canada Kim Campbell Prime Minister 25.6-29.9.1993
Flora MacDonald Acting Prime Minister (some days)1987-88
Sheila Copps Deputy Prime Minister 4.11.1993- 2.6.1997
Central African R Elizabeth Domitien Prime Minister 3.1.1975-7.4.1976
Croatia Ljerka Mintas-Hodak Deputy Prime Minister 12.1995-27.1.2000
Czechoslovakia Ludmilla Jankovcova Deputy Prime Minister 1954-63
Denmark Mimi Jakobsen First Deputy Prime Minister 25.1.1993-1996
Marianne Jelved Deputy Prime Minister 1993-2001
Dominica Eugenia Charles Prime Minister 21.7.1980-13.6.1995
East Timor Melina Perez Vice-President National Council 10.2000-20.9.2001
Fiji Taufa Vakatale Deputy Prime Minister 8.1997-5.1999
Kuini Vuikaba Speed Deputy Prime Minister 5.1999-27.5.2000
Finland Tynne Leivo-Larson Deputy Prime Minister 1958
France Nicole Questiaux Deputy Prime Minister 1980
Edith Cresson Prime Minister 15.5.1991- 2.4.1992
Georgia Irena Sarishvili Deputy Prime Minister 11.9-?.11.1993
Grenada Grace Duncan Deputy Prime Minister 30.9.1996- .2.1997
Guyana Janet Jagan Prime Minister 17.3-19.12.1997
Haiti Claudette Werleigh Prime Minister 7.11.1995-26.2.1996
Hungary Judit Csehak Deputy Prime Minister 1984-87
India Indira Gandhi Prime Minister (assassinated) 1.66-3.77,1.80-31.10.84
Israel Golda Meir Prime Minister 17.3.1969-10.4.1974
Jordan Rima Khalaf Hunaidi Deputy Prime Minister 4.3.1999-15.1.2000
Kazakstan Aitkul Samakova Deputy Prime Minister 22.1.1999-12.10.1999
Korea DPR KIM Pok-Sin Deputy Premier 1981-96
Kyrgyzstan Mira Jangaracheva Deputy Prime Minister 3.1996-4.4.1998
Lithuania Irena Degutiene Acting Prime Minister 3-18.5, 27.10-3.11.1999
Luxembourg Colette Flesch Deputy Prime Minister 1980-84
Macedonia Dosta Dimovska Vice-Premier 30.11.98-1.12.00,30.11.01-18.1.02
Radmila Kiprijanova-Radovanovik Vice-Premier 30.11.1998-28.11.1999
Moldova Lidia Gutu Deputy Prime Minister 21.12.1999-20.4.2001
Mongolia Nyam-Osoriyn Tuya Acting Prime Minister 22-30.7.1999
Nepal Salaija Acharya Deputy Prime Minister 18.4-28.12.1998
New Zealand Helen Clark Deputy Prime Minister 8.1989- 90
Jenny Shipley Prime Minister 8.12.1997-10.12.1999
Norway Gro Harlem BRUNDTLAND Prime Minister 1981, 1986-89,3.11.90-23.10.1996
Anne Enger Lahnstein Acting Prime Minister 30.8-23.9.1998
Deputy Prime Minister 15.3.1999-17.3.2000
Pakistan Benazir Bhutto Prime Minister 2.12.88-6.8.90, 20.10.93-5.11.96
Poland Hanna Suchocka Prime Minister 8.7.1992-16.10.1993
Portugal Maria de Lurdes PINTASILGO Prime Minister 1.8.1979-3.1.1980
Russia *Valentina Matviyenko Deputy Chair Council of Ministers 10.1998-3.2003
Rwanda Agathe Uwilingiymana Prime Minister (assassinated) 16.7.1993- 7. 4.1994
Senegal *Mama Madior Boye Prime Minister 3.3.2001-4.11.2002
Slovakia Brigita Schmoegnerovna Deputy Prime Minister 16.3.1994- 3.11.1994
Katarina Tothova Deputy Prime Minister 13.12.1994-30.10.1998
*Maria Kadlecikova Deputy Prime Minister 4.2001-16.10.2002
- 4 (wg4x) -
C. Former Heads of Government: 66 continued
Country Name Office Term of Office
Sri Lanka Sirimavo Bandaranaike Prime Minister 7.60-5.65,31.5.70- 21.7.1977
14.11.1994-10.8.2000
Chandrika Kumaratunga Prime Minister 19.8.94-10.11.1994
Sweden Mona Sahlin Deputy Prime Minister 3.10.1994-10.11.1995
*Lena Hjelm-Wallen Deputy Prime Minister 6.10.1998-21.10.2002
Tajikistan Bozgul Dodkhudoyeva Deputy Prime Minister 2-7.1994
Munira Inoyatova Abdulloyevna Deputy Prime Minister 7.1994-21.12.1999
Turkey Tansu Ciller Prime Minister 14.6.1993-12. 3.1996
Deputy Prime Minister 28.6.1996-30. 6.1997
Turkmenistan Abad Sehedovna Risaeva Deputy Prime Minister 3.1994- 6.1997
Ukraine Yulia Tymoshenko Deputy Prime Minister 30.12.1999-19.1.2001
United Kingdom Margaret Thatcher Prime Minister 4.5.1979-28.11.1990
Yugoslavia Milka Planinc Prime Minister 15.5.1982-15.5.1986
Maya Gojkovic Deputy Prime Minister 12.8.1999-10.2000
2. Women Presiding & Deputy Presiding Officers of Parliament since 1945 (#): 176
A. National Parliaments: 120
Antigua & Barbuda Novelle Richards President Senate 1964-71
Millicent Percival President Senate 1994-99
Bridget Harris Speaker House of Representatives 1994-99
Argentina Isabel Martinez de PERON Acting President Senate 12.10.73-1.7.74
Australia Joan Child Speaker House of Representatives 1986-89
*Margaret Elizabeth Reid Speaker Senate 1996-2002
Austria Olga Rudel-Zeynek President Federal Council 12.27-5.1928, 6-11.1932
Johanna Bayer President Federal Council 1.7-31.12.1953
Helen Tschitschenko President Federal Council 1-6.65,68,7-12.69,1-6.74
Helga Heiden-Sommer President Federal Council 1.7-31.12.87
Heidi Schmidt Deputy Speaker National Council 1994-
Anna Elisabeth Haselbach President Federal Council 1.1-30.6.91,95,2000
Bahamas Doris Johnson Speaker Senate 1973-83
Italia Johnson Deputy Speaker House of Assembly 1992-97
Belarus Tamara Dudko Vice President (Upper) Council of Republic 1997-99
Belize Doris June Garcia President Senate 1984-89
Jane Usher President Senate 1989-93
*Sylvia Flores Speaker House of Representatives 1998-2003
Bolivia Lidia GUEILER Tejada President Chamber of Deputies 1979
Bulgaria Sneahana Botyshorova Acting President National Assembly 1992
Canada Muriel McQueen Fergusson Speaker Senate 1972-74
Renaude La Pointe Speaker Senate 1974-79
Jeanne Sauvè Speaker House of Commons 1980-84
Cape Verde Carmen Pereira President National Assembly 1975-80
China CHEN Muhua V-Chair Standing Cte Peoples Congress 1988-98
Costa Rica Rosemary Karpinsky Rodero de M Speaker Legislative Assembly 1986-87
Croatia Katica Ivanisevic President House of Counties 4.1993-00
Jadranka Kosor Dep Pres House of Representatives 10.1995-99
Czechoslovakia Dagmar Buresova President National Council 1990-91
Czech Republic Jaroslava Moserova Vice-President Senate 1996-98
Denmark Ingeborg Hansen Speaker Landsting (Upper House) 1950-53
Dominica Marie Davis-Pierre Speaker House of Assembly 1980-88
Neva Edwards Speaker House of Assembly 1990-95
Dominican Republic *Lia Rafaela Albuquerque President Chamber of Deputies 8.1999-8.2000
El Salvador Julia Castillo Rodas Speaker Legislative Assembly 1981-82
Gloria Salguero Gross Speaker Legislative Assembly 3.1994-97
Ethiopia Almaz Meko Speaker Federal Council 1995-2000
Fiji Samanunu Cakobau Tolakuli Chair Great Council of Chiefs 1994-95
------
(#) A good guide to women members of some 177 parliaments, by name for Presiding Officers, otherwise by number, is to be found in "Women in Politics: 1945-2000", ISBN 92-9142-085-9, published in June 2000 by the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), B P 438, CH-1211 Geneva 19, tel (+ 41 22) 919 4150. MP numbers are frequently updated on the IPU website http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm
- 5 (wg4x) -
A. National Parliaments: 120 (continued)
Country Name Office Term of Office
Finland Elsi Hetema-Orlander First Deputy Speaker Eduskunta 1988-91
*Riitta Uosukainen Speaker Eduskunta 1991-3.2003
*Saara-Maria Paakkinen First Deputy Speaker Eduskunta 1995-3.2003
Germany Annemarie Renger President Bundestag 1972-76
Rita Suessmuth President Bundestag 1988-94,1994-98
Grenada Margaret Neckles Speaker Senate 1990-95
Marcelle Peters Speaker House of Representatives 1992-95
Guatemala Ana Catalina Soberanis Reyes President Congress of the Republic 14.1.91-92
Arabella Castro Quinones de C President Congress of the Republic 1994-95,1997-98
Guinea-Bissau Carmen Pereira President National Assembly 1984-89
Guyana Lola Willems President House of Assembly 1973-83
Hungary Erzebet Metzker Vass President National Assembly 1963-67
Iceland Ragnhildur Helgadottir President Lower House 1974-78
Salome Thorkelsdottir President Upper House 1983-87
Gudrun Helgadottir President (Unicameral) Althing 1988-91
Salome Thorkelsdottir President (Unicameral) Althing 1991-95
India Violet Alva (Dep) Chair Rajya Sabha-States Council 1962-69
Pratibha Devi Patel (Dep) Chair Rajya Sabha 18.11.1986-5.11.1988
Najma Heptulla (Dep) Chair Rajya Sabha 18.11.88-4.7.92,25.1.85-20.1.86
Indonesia Aisyah Aminyh Acting Pres House of Representatives 1998-99
Ireland Tras Honan Speaker Senate 23.5.82-23.2.83,1987-89
Italy Nilde Iotti President Chamber of Deputies 1979-92
Irene Pivetti President Chamber of Deputies 16.4.1994-10.5.1996
Jamaica Jeanette Grant-Woodham Speaker Senate 1983-89
Syringa Marshall-Burnett Speaker Senate 1996-98
*Violet Neilson Speaker House of Representatives 12.1997-2002
Japan Takako Doi Speaker House of Representatives 8.1993-96
Kazakstan Zinayida Fedotova Speaker Parliament 199?
Latvia Ilga Kreituse President Saeima 1995-96
Luxembourg Erna Hennicot-Schoepges Speaker Chamber of Deputies 1989-94,1994-1.95
Malta Miriam Spiteri Debono Speaker House of Representatives 1996-2001
Mexico Maria Lavalle Urbina President Senate 12.1965
Lucia Carrasco Xochipa President Senate 12.1993
Maria Guadelupe Lopez Breton President Senate 1995
Hilda Anderson Nevarez President Chamber of Deputies 1976
Marcela Gonzales S Pietricioli President Chamber of Deputies 1982
Graciela Larios Rivas President Chamber of Deputies 1987
Maria de los Angeles MORENO President Chamber of Deputies 1994
President Senate 1997,1999-2000
Mongolia Yanjamaa Nemendeyen Subaataryn Acting Chair National Great Khural 23.9.1953-7.7.1954
Nicaragua Myriam Arguello Morales President National Assembly 1990-91
Netherlands *Jeltje Van Nieuwenhoven Speaker Second Chamber States-General 1998-2000
Norway Torild Skard President Lagting (Upper House) 1973-77
Magit Tosdal President Lagting (Upper House) 1977-81
Ase Wind Lionaes President Odelsting (Lower House) 1973-77
Liv Andersen President Odelsting (Lower House) 1981-85
Deputy President Storting (Grand Assembly) 1977-81
Ashild Hauen President Odelsting (Lower House) 1985-89