Freely dissolved PCDD/F concentrations in the Frierfjord, Norway:

comparing equilibrium passive sampling with ‘active’ water sampling

G. Cornelissen (*)

Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930 Ullevål Stadium, 0806 Oslo, Norway

e-mail: ;

K. Næs

Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadallèen 21, 0349, 0411 Oslo, Norway

G. Cornelissen • D. Broman

Department of Applied Environmental Sciences (ITM), Stockholm University, Frescativägen 50, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden

SUPPORTING INFORMATION

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Table SI-1. Derivation of PCDD/F-KPDMS from PCDD/F-KPOM via KPDMS -KPOM relationship for PAHs. For PAHs, both KPDMS and KPOM were determined in the same study [Cornelissen et al, ETC 2008]. The relationship between KPDMS and KPOM for PAHs was (r2 = 0.96):

KPDMS = (0.83 ± 0.05) KPOM + (1.04 ± 0.24)

In Cornelissen et al [2008 EST] it is argued that the KPOM-values for PCDD/Fs, measured in methanol cosolvent systems, probably contain an uncertainty of 0.4 log-unit. The error in the KPDMS -KPOM relationship for PAHs yields another 0.2 log-unit uncertainty, so that the total uncertainty in the estimated KPDMS for PCDD/Fs is in the order of 0.6 log-unit (factor 4).

PAH / PCDD/F
Log KPOM / Log KPDMS / Log KOWa / Log KPOMb / Log KPDMS
NAP / 2.59 ± 0.14 / 3.23 ± 0.08 / 2378-TCDF / 6.41 / 5.74 / 5.84
FLU / 3.33 ± 0.10 / 3.71 ± 0.04 / 12378-PeCDF / 6.74 / 5.87 / 5.95
PHE / 3.56 ± 0.07 / 3.86 ± 0.05 / 23478-PeCDF / 6.8 / 5.90 / 5.97
ANT / 3.80 ± 0.03 / 4.02 ± 0.04 / 123478-HxCDF / 7.46 / 6.00 / 6.05
FLUO / 4.03 ± 0.06 / 4.39 ± 0.11 / 123678-HxCDF / 7.56 / 6.01 / 6.06
PYR / 4.04 ± 0.07 / 4.41 ± 0.08 / 123789-HxCDF / 7.44 / 6.06 / 6.10
BaA / 4.64 ± 0.13 / 4.79 ± 0.11 / 234678-HxCDF / 7.43 / 6.03 / 6.08
CHR / 4.51 ± 0.16 / 4.73 ± 0.17 / 1234678-HpCDF / 7.81 / 6.12 / 6.15
BbF / 4.81 ± 0.10 / 5.15 ± 0.16 / 1234789-HpCDF / 7.92 / 6.17 / 6.20
BkF / 4.84 ± 0.08 / 5.15 ± 0.17 / OCDF / 8.43 / 6.26 / 6.27
BeP / 4.87 ± 0.08 / 5.09 ± 0.10 / 2378-TCDD / 7.05 / 5.86 / 5.94
BaP / 4.8 ± 0.2 / 4.90 ± 0.16 / 12378-PeCDD / 7.06 / 6.00 / 6.05
IND / 4.84 ± 0.05 / 5.17 ± 0.10 / 123478-HxCDD / 7.93 / 6.10 / 6.14
BgP / 4.92 ± 0.06 / 5.05 ± 0.11 / 123678-HxCDD / 7.93 / 6.11 / 6.15
123789-HxCDD / 7.91 / 6.09 / 6.13
1234678-HpCDD / 8.42 / 6.21 / 6.23
OCDD / 8.85 / 6.30 / 6.30

a From Sacan, M.T.; Özkul, M.; Erdem, S.S. Physico-chemical properties of PCDD/Fs and phthalate esters. SAR QSAR Environ. Res. 2005, 16, 443-459.

b From Cornelissen, G.; Cousins, I.T.; Wiberg, K.; Tysklind, M.; Holmström, H.; Broman, D. Black Carbon-dominated PCDD/Fs sorption to soils at a former wood impregnation site. Chemosphere, 72, 1455-1461.

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POM equilibration of PCDD/Fs under field conditions. Relative PCDD/F concentrations lumped for all PCDD/Fs in field-exposed POM-55 after 179 and 270 d compared to 363 d were 0.72 ± 0.18 and 0.82 ± 0.29, respectively (average values with standard deviations for 16 congeners; Table S2). However, the increasing trend of CW in time for some of the congeners (especially the larger PCDFs) implies that these compounds are 20-30% short of equilibrium after exposing POM-55 for 363 d.

Table SI-2: Freely dissolved concentrations CW after exposure times of 179, 270 and 363 d, respectively, of POM-55 in the Norwegian Frierfjord. Relative concentrations normalized to concentrations after 363 d.

CW (pg/m3) / Relative concentration
t = 179 d / t = 270 d / t = 363 d / t = 179 d / t = 270 d / t = 363 d
2378-TCDD / n.d.a / 0.7 / 0.6 / n.d. / 1.12 / 1.00
12378-PeCDD / 1.5 / 1.5 / 1.9 / 0.79 / 0.82 / 1.00
123478-HxCDD / 0.5 / 0.5 / 0.7 / 0.73 / 0.71 / 1.00
123678-HxCDD / 1.2 / 0.6 / 1.4 / 0.82 / 0.42 / 1.00
1234678-HpCDD / 1.9 / 2.0 / 1.8 / 1.06 / 1.09 / 1.00
OCDD / 1.0 / 1.5 / 0.9 / 1.08 / 1.67 / 1.00
2378-TCDF / 50.2 / 52.8 / 86.7 / 0.58 / 0.61 / 1.00
12378-PeCDF / 21.8 / 22.0 / 31.9 / 0.68 / 0.69 / 1.00
23478-PeCDF / 7.8 / 8.0 / 11.8 / 0.66 / 0.68 / 1.00
123478-HxCDF / 11.9 / 12.6 / 18.1 / 0.66 / 0.70 / 1.00
123678-HxCDF / 5.8 / 6.3 / 9.1 / 0.65 / 0.69 / 1.00
1234678-HpCDF / 5.4 / 6.3 / 7.8 / 0.69 / 0.81 / 1.00
1234789-HpCDF / 2.0 / 2.3 / 4.1 / 0.48 / 0.57 / 1.00
OCDF / 6.4 / 6.3 / 9.2 / 0.70 / 0.68 / 1.00
Average / 0.72 ± 0.18 / 0.82 ± 0.29 / 1.00

a n.d., not detected (throughout Table)

Table SI-3: Log KTOC for PCDD/Fs in settling particles (n=4), suspended particles (deep/shallow; n=3) and sediment particles (n=3).

Settling / Suspended
shallow / Suspended
deep / Sediment
Log KTOC / Std / Log KTOC / Minimuma / Maximumb / Log KTOC / Minimumc / Maximumd / Log KTOC / Std
2378-TCDF / 8.2 / 0.2 / 6.9 / 6.5 / 7.2 / 6.9 / 6.7 / 7.1 / 6.74 / 0.01
12378-PeCDF / 8.9 / 0.2 / 7.5 / 7.1 / 7.8 / 7.3 / 7.0 / 7.5 / 6.73 / 0.02
23478-PeCDF / 8.8 / 0.2 / 7.4 / 7.0 / 7.7 / 7.3 / 7.0 / 7.5 / 6.73 / 0.02
123478-HxCDF / 9.6 / 0.2 / 8.0 / 7.7 / 8.4 / 7.7 / 7.4 / 7.9 / 7.10 / 0.08
123678-HxCDF / 9.6 / 0.3 / 8.1 / 7.7 / 8.4 / 7.8 / 7.5 / 8.0 / 7.11 / 0.04
123789-HxCDF / 9.8 / 0.3 / 8.3 / 7.9 / 8.6 / 7.9 / 7.7 / 8.1 / 7.31 / 0.06
234678-HxCDF / 9.3 / 0.2 / 8.4 / 8.0 / 8.8 / 7.9 / 7.7 / 8.1 / 7.15 / 0.03
1234678-HpCDF / 10.3 / 0.2 / 8.8 / 8.4 / 9.1 / 8.3 / 8.0 / 8.5 / 7.69 / 0.06
1234789-HpCDF / 10.3 / 0.2 / 8.7 / 8.4 / 9.1 / 8.2 / 8.0 / 8.4 / 7.58 / 0.07
OCDF / 10.9 / 0.2 / 9.4 / 9.0 / 9.7 / 8.8 / 8.6 / 9.0 / 8.12 / 0.11
2378-TCDD / 8.8 / 0.5 / 7.2 / 6.8 / 7.6 / 7.2 / 6.9 / 7.4 / 6.78 / 0.13
12378-PeCDD / 8.9 / 0.2 / 7.6 / 7.2 / 8.0 / 7.4 / 7.1 / 7.6 / 6.81 / 0.04
123478-HxCDD / 9.6 / 0.2 / 8.2 / 7.8 / 8.5 / 7.6 / 7.3 / 7.8 / 7.16 / 0.02
123678-HxCDD / 9.4 / 0.3 / 7.9 / 7.5 / 8.3 / 7.6 / 7.3 / 7.8 / 7.11 / 0.04
123789-HxCDD / 9.5 / 0.3 / 7.9 / 7.5 / 8.3 / 7.8 / 7.5 / 8.0 / 7.13 / 0.06
1234678-HpCDD / 10.0 / 0.2 / 8.6 / 8.2 / 9.0 / 8.3 / 8.0 / 8.5 / 7.63 / 0.01
OCDD / 10.6 / 0.3 / 9.4 / 9.0 / 9.7 / 8.9 / 8.6 / 9.1 / 8.16 / 0.09

a calculated with the highest shallow water TOC content on the GFF filter measured by Persson et al. [2003], 0.563 mg/L.

b calculated with the lowest shallow water TOC content on the GFF filter measured by Persson et al. [2003], 0.103 mg/L.

c calculated with the highest deep water TOC content on the GFF filter measured by Persson et al. [2003], 0.090 mg/L.

d calculated with the lowest deep water TOC content on the GFF filter measured by Persson et al. [2003], 0.030 mg/L.

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