Supplementary Table 1: Characteristics of the included and excluded subjects

Included (N=719) / Excluded (N=283) / p-value
HIV-infected, N (%) / 465 (65) / 153 (54) / 0.002
Race: White non-Hispanic, N (%) / 404 (56) / 177 (63) / 0.02
Black non-Hispanic / 237 (33) / 68 (24)
Other1 / 77 (11) / 38 (13)
Age (yrs), median (IQR) / 54 (49, 59) / 54 (49, 60) / 0.34
BMI, median (IQR) / 25.8 (23.5, 29.1) / 25.9 (23.2, 28.9) / 0.83
Abdominal VAT (cm2), median (IQR) / 142 (84, 211) / 159 (95, 226) / 0.05
Abdominal SAT (cm2), median (IQR) / 198 (127, 287) / 203 (134, 286) / 0.58
IFG or diabetes2, N (%) / 294 (44) / 98 (38) / 0.10
HOMA-IR, median (IQR) / 3.1 (2.3, 4.9) / 2.9 (2.1, 4.3) / 0.03
HOMA-IR ≥4.9, N (%) / 162 (25) / 52 (20) / 0.18
On lipid-lowering agent, N (%) / 243 (35) / 79 (29) / 0.09
Total cholesterol (mg/dl), median (IQR) / 185 (159, 212) / 197 (171, 217) / <0.001
HDL (mg/dl), median (IQR) / 48 (39, 57) / 51 (41, 62) / 0.001
LDL (mg/dl), median (IQR) / 105 (83, 131) / 113 (93, 135) / 0.007
Triglycerides (mg/dl), median (IQR) / 106 (80, 146) / 135 (97, 208) / 0.48
HTN3, N (%) / 341 (49) / 119 (44) / 0.15
ALT (U/L), median (IQR) / 24 (18, 34) / 24 (18, 35) / 0.87
ALT > 40 U/L / 127 (18) / 46 (17) / 0.67
AST (U/L), median (IQR) / 23 (19, 31) / 23 (20, 29) / 0.63
AST >40 U/L / 76 (11) / 30 (11) / 0.93
HCV, N (%)4 / 65 (9) / 20 (7) / 0.34
Included (N=719) / Excluded (N=283) / p-value
PNPLA3 (rs738409): CC, N (%) / 433 (60) / 146 (62) / 0.40
GC / 253 (35) / 74 (32)
GG / 31 (4) / 14 (6)

IQR: interquartile range; BMI: body mass index; VAT: visceral adipose tissue; SAT: subcutaneous adipose tissue; IFG: impaired fasting glucose; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HTN: hypertension; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase

Supplementary Table 2: Factors associated with advanced fibrosis among HIV-infected subjects

HIV+, HCV- / HIV+, HCV+
FIB-4≤3.25 (N=391) / FIB-4>3.25 (N=11) / p-value / FIB-4≤3.25 (N=41) / FIB-4>3.25 (N=12) / p-value
Fatty liver, N (%) / 54 (14) / 1 (9) / 0.65 / 0 / 2 (17) / 0.01
Race: White non-Hispanic, N (%) / 221 (57) / 10 (91) / 0.07 / 5 (12) / 2 (17) / 0.81
Black non-Hispanic / 124 (32) / 1 (9) / 30 (73) / 9 (75)
Other / 46 (12) / 0 / 6 (15) / 1 (8)
Age (yrs), median (IQR) / 52 (48, 57) / 59 (54, 62) / 0.002 / 53 (49, 58) / 54 (51, 57) / 0.70
BMI, median (IQR) / 25.6 (23.3, 28.8) / 24.4 (22.3, 26.8) / 0.31 / 25.7 (22.6, 28.2) / 24.4 (21.5, 27.4) / 0.46
Abdominal VAT (cm2), median (IQR) / 148 (88, 217) / 162 (91, 196) / 0.89 / 93 (63, 177) / 105 (62, 140) / 0.69
Abdominal SAT (cm2), median (IQR) / 181 (114, 274) / 125 (81, 214) / 0.07 / 213 (132, 319) / 133 (107, 253) / 0.16
IFG or diabetes2, N (%) / 163 (44) / 6 (67) / 0.17 / 15 (41) / 8 (73) / 0.06
HOMA-IR, median (IQR) / 3.1 (2.3, 4.7) / 6.3 (3.5, 7.6) / 0.04 / 4.3 (2.9, 7.3) / 4.7 (3.9, 5.2) / 0.79
HOMA-IR ≥4.9, N (%) / 88 (24) / 6 (67) / 0.003 / 13 (37) / 5 (45) / 0.62
On lipid-lowering agent, N (%) / 151 (39) / 8 (73) / 0.02 / 6 (15) / 1 (8) / 0.57
HDL (mg/dl), median (IQR) / 46 (37, 54) / 48 (44, 55) / 0.53 / 44 (38, 54) / 43 (31, 57) / 0.42
LDL (mg/dl), median (IQR) / 106 (84, 132) / 83 (66, 107) / 0.05 / 73 (57, 91) / 82 (67, 111) / 0.41
Triglycerides (mg/dl), median (IQR) / 134 (96, 208) / 114 (89, 154) / 0.52 / 134 (93, 245) / 182 (102, 189) / 0.49
Detectable HIV VL, N (%) / 36 (9) / 1 (9) / 0.99 / 6 (15) / 3 (25) / 0.40
Nadir CD4 <200 cells/mL, N (%) / 120 (32) / 6 (55) / 0.11 / 10 (27) / 7 (58) / 0.05
Current ART, N (%) / 361 (93) / 11 (100) / 0.35 / 37 (90) / 9 (75) / 0.17
Current NRTI, N (%) / 346 (89) / 9 (82) / 0.48 / 34 (83) / 9 (75) / 0.54
Current PI, N (%) / 185 (47) / 5 (45) / 0.90 / 24 (59) / 7 (58) / 0.99
Current NNRTI, N (%) / 181 (46) / 8 (73) / 0.09 / 15 (37) / 1 (8) / 0.06
Cumulative ART (yrs), median (IQR) / 9 (6.5, 13) / 14 (9.5, 19) / 0.002 / 7 (5, 10) / 7.3 (6, 9.5) / 0.91
HIV+, HCV- / HIV+, HCV+
FIB-4≤3.25 (N=391) / FIB-4>3.25 (N=11) / p-value / FIB-4≤3.25 (N=41) / FIB-4>3.25 (N=12) / p-value
Cumulative NRTI (yrs), median (IQR) / 8.5 (6, 12.5) / 13.5 (9.5, 18) / 0.002 / 6.5 (4.5, 9.5) / 7.3 (5.8, 9.3) / 0.84
Cumulative PI (yrs), median (IQR) / 4 (0, 8) / 6.5 (2, 11) / 0.12 / 3.5 (0.5, 7) / 5.5 (0.3, 7.3) / 0.72
Cumulative NNRTI (yrs), median (IQR) / 3 (0.5, 7) / 7 (4, 10) / 0.01 / 2.5 (1, 4.5) / 1 (0.3, 3) / 0.41
Cumulative Lamivudine (yrs), median (IQR) / 5.5 (1.3, 9.3) / 7.8 (6.7, 11.7) / 0.10 / 5.4 (2.9, 7.6) / 3.7 (1.2, 8.3) / 0.73
Cumulative Efavirenz (yrs), median (IQR) / 1 (0, 4.9) / 3 (0.7, 9.7) / 0.11 / 1.8 (0, 4.4) / 0.5 (0, 2.7) / 0.36
Cumulative Dideoxy (yrs), median (IQR) / 7.5 (2.7, 11.5) / 13.1 (8.5, 14.5) / 0.01 / 6.9 (3.6, 9.9) / 7 (3.2, 11.3) / 0.77

HCV: hepatitis C virus; IQR: interquartile range; BMI: body mass index; VAT: visceral adipose tissue; SAT: subcutaneous adipose tissue; IFG: impaired fasting glucose; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HTN: hypertension; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; VL: viral load; ART: antiretroviral therapy; NRTI: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI: protease inhibitor; NNRTI: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor