RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARNATAKA
JAYANAGAR, 4TH ‘T’ BLOCK
BANGALORE - 41
SYNOPSIS
BY
Dr. SANTHOSH. B.
FOR THE DEGREE OF AYURVEDA VACHASPATHI
M.D. AYURVEDA
IN
RASASHASTRA
TITLE OF THE TOPIC
“SCREENING OF FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY AND
IMMUNO-MODULATORY EFFECT OF YASHADA BHASMA”
2008
NAME OF THE INSTITUTE
K.L.E. SOCIETY’S
sHRI B. m. kankanwadi ayurved mahavidyalaya
POST-GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH CENTRE
SHAHAPUR, BELGAUM – 590 003
From
Dr. SANTHOSH .B.
I year P.G. Scholar
Department of Rasashastra
Post-Graduate Studies and Research Center
K.L.E.S.’ Shri B.M.K. Ayurved Mahavidyalaya
Shahapur, Belgaum – 590 003
To
The Registrar
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
Jayanagar, 4th ‘T’ Block
Bangalore - 41
Through
Principal
And
H.O.D
Dept of Rasashastra
Post-Graduate Studies and Research Center
K.L.E.S.’ Shri B.M.K. Ayurved Mahavidyalaya
Shahapur, Belgaum – 590 003
Subject: Submission of the completed synopsis proforma for registration of subject
for dissertation.
Respected Sir,
I request you to kindly register the synopsis on the below mentioned subject against my name
for the submission of dissertation to the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,
Karnataka, Bangalore for partial fulfillment of Post-graduate course in the specialization of
Rasashastra M.D. (Ayurveda).
Title
“SCREENING OF FREE RaDICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY AND
IMMUNO-MODULATORY EFFECT OF YASHADA BHASMA”
Here with I am enclosing the complete synopsis proforma for the registration of subject for dissertation.
Thanking you, Sir.
Yours faithfully,
Date:
Place: Belgaum
Dr. Santhosh.B.
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARNATAKA
JAYANAGAR, 4TH ‘T’ BLOCK
BANGALORE - 41
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION
1. Name of the Candidate : Dr. SANTHOSH. B.
and Address 1ST Year P.G Scholar
Dept of Rasashastra
Post-Graduate Studies and Research Center
K.L.E.Society’s
Shri B. M. K. Ayurved Mahavidyalaya
Shahapur, Belgaum – 590 003
Karnataka
2. Name of the Institution : K. L. E. Society’s
Shri B.M.K. Ayurved Mahavidyalaya
Post-Graduate Studies and Research Center
Shahapur, Belgaum – 590 003
Karnataka
3. Course of Study and : Ayurveda Vachaspathi M.D. (Ayurveda)
Subject in Rasashastra
4. Date of Admission to : 30 – 05 – 2008
the Course
5. Title of Dissertation : “SCREENING OF FREE RaDICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY AND
IMMUNO-MODULATORY EFFECT OF YASHADA BHASMA.”
6 BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK
6.1 Need for the study
The present day’s lifestyle and food habits have increased the production of free radicals. These cytotoxic free radicals not only raise the oxidative stress but also play an important role in the immune-system dysfunction due to which the mankind is prone to various major ailments01. To prevent this, effective anti-oxidants and immuno-modulators are need of the hour.
Yashada bhasma is bala-veerya-viveka-samruddhikara and indicated in prameha, pandu, vatavyadhi02, etc. These diseases are now the established free radical mediated ones. Hence, Yashada bhasma is expected to have anti-oxidant and immuno-modulatory properties. In the present study an attempt is made to check whether Yashada bhasma exhibits these properties or not.
6.2 Review of Literature
Yashada is included in Dhatu varga and it is one of the Puti lohas.
Grahya lakshanas03 - Chede samujwalam (Shines bright when cut)
- Snigdha (Unctuous)
- Nirmalam (Clean)
- Mrudulam (Soft)
- Druta dravam (Melts quickly)
- Mahabharam (Very heavy)
Samanya Shodhana
Nirvapana in Tila (Sesamum indicum) Taila, Takra (Butter milk), Gomutra (Cow’s urine), Kanji (Sour gruel) and Kulattha (Dolichus biflorus) kwatha will be carried out for three times04 or seven times05 in each drava dravya.
Vishesha Shodhana06
Yashada Shodhana will be carried out by melting and pouring it either in Churnodaka (lime water, CaCO3+H2O), Nirgundi (Vitex negundo) mula swarasa, Godugdha (Cow’s milk) or Sudha Dugdha (Euphorbia nerifolia).
Jarana07
Classically Jarana is carried out by the following methods.
- By using Shuddha Parada (Hg) and Shuddha Gandhaka (S)
- By using Apamarga (Achyranthes aspera) panchanga churna
- By using Nimba (Azadirachta indica) kashta
- By continuous stirring of melted Yashada with a loha darvi (Iron rod)
Marana08
The Jarita Yashada will be given agni puta paka.
Matra
½ to 1 Gunja
Properties of Yashada bhasma09
Rasa : Kashaya Tikta Katu
Guna : Sara
Veerya : Sheeta
Doshagnata : Kapha pitta hara
Karma : Balya, Medhya, Veerya vardhaka, Parama
chakshushya, etc
Vyadhi Prabhava : Pandu, Prameha, Shwasa, Kasa, Vrana srava,
Kampavata, etc.
Zinc is a structural and functional component of the enzymes like
- Carboxy peptidase
- Superoxide dismutase
- Carbonic anhydrase etc10
Zinc, one of the three metals of Group II B of periodic table, is able to lose two electrons in its outermost shell to form divalent positive ions11.
Antioxidant benefits of Vitamin C, Vitamin E and other many herbal drugs are known but the importance of Yashada bhasma in this regard has been overlooked.
Previous research works
1) Metallographic and clinical studies on Yashada bhasma12.
2) A study on biological and anti-bacterial properties of Yashada bhasma13.
3) Observational study on the Physico-chemical evaluation of Yashada bhasma and its hypoglycemic effect in madhumeha14.
4) Role of different media in preparation of Yashada bhasma and their comparative hypoglycemic effect in madhumeha15.
5) Pharmaceutical standardization of Yashada bhasma16.
6) Determination of toxicity of Tamra bhasma and its antioxidant effect w.s.r to its Pharmaco-kinetics in experimental animal17.
7) Toxicology and free radicals scavenging property of Tamra bhasma18.
8) Free radical scavenging activity of Pfaffia paniculata (Brazilian ginseng) 19.
9) Screening of free radical scavenging activity and immuno-modulatory effect of Rajata bhasma20.
10) Study of immuno-modulatory effect of Haridradi ghrita on rats21.
11) A study on immuno-modulatory effect of an indigenous drug Boerhavia diffusa Linn22.
12) Immuno-modulators from higher plants23.
13) Studies on Vyadhi-kshamatva (Immuno-modulatory action) of Svarna bhasma24
6.3 Aims and Objectives
Yashada bhasma prepared as per classics will be subjected to
1) Physico–chemical analysis
2) Screening of free radical scavenging activity
3) Evaluate the immuno-modulatory effect
7 Materials and methods
7.1 Source of data
The source of the study for the present work is
Literary source - Library
- Relevant research articles
- Internet
Analytical and Experimental source
- Analytical laboratory
- Pathology laboratory
- Microbiology laboratory
A. Raw materials
Yashada, Tila taila, Goksheera, Gomutra, Masha, Kulattha, Parada, Sudha, Lashuna, Gandhaka, Gritha, etc raw materials collected from the market and authenticated by the concerned department experts will be taken for the study
B. Method of preparation
Shodhana of Parada
Sample of Parada collected from the market will be subjected to Samanya Shodhana using Sudha Churna, Rasona Kalka, and Saindhava lavana25
Shodhana of Gandhaka
Ashodhita Gandhaka will be taken in Ghritalipta darvi, heated till it melts and then poured into milk filtering through cloth. Gandhaka that settles down at the bottom of the vessel will be collected after washing with hot water26.
Shodhana of Yashada
Samanya Shodhana
Kantakavedi patra of Yashada will be heated till it becomes red hot and then immersed in Taila, Takra, Gomutra, Kanji, Kulttha kwatha. This procedure is repeated for three times27.
Vishesha Shodhana
Samanya Shodhita Yashada will be melted and poured into Churnodaka and the procedure will be repeated for seven times 28.
Marana of Yashada29
Shuddha Parada (Mercury; Hg) and Shuddha Gandhaka (Sulphur; S) will be triturated to form Kajjali. To this, bhavana will be given with Kumari (Aloe vera Tourm) Swarasa and Nimbu (Citrus limon Linn) Swarasa, once each. The paste of this mixture will be coated on the sheets of Yashada and subjected to heat of one Gajaputa.
C) Selection of Animals
Albino rats procured from the licensed source will be maintained at laboratory conditions and OECD guidelines30 will be followed in conducting the following experiment.
D) Experimental study
In vitro
a) Free radical scavenging activity of Yashada bhasma31
· Healthy rat livers (6 rats) will be taken
· Liver homogenate will be prepared
· Oxidative stress will be induced in the homogenate
· Drug will be added to homogenate and parameters assessed
Parameters considered for assessment
- Lipid peroxidation (LPO)
- Superoxide dismutase (SOD)
- Catalase (CAT)
- Reduced Glutathione (GSH)
Group I / ControlGroup II / Test
Group III / Standard
b) Immuno-modulatory effect of Yashada bhasma32
Healthy adult human blood serum will be taken and following parameters will be assessed
- Nitro-blue tetrazolium (NBT) assay - For respiratory burst
- Phagocytosis - For phagocytic function
- Candiacidal assay - For phagocytic function
- Chemotaxis - To assess motility of Phagocytic cells
7.2 Method of collection of data
· Physical analysis
Ashodhita, Vishesha Shodhita and Yashada Bhasma will be subjected to following organoleptic characters
- Lusture
- Shape, etc
· Chemical analysis of Yashada Bhasma33
- pH
- Total Ash
- Loss on drying
- Solubility Test
- Atomic absorption spectrophotometry
· Detailed observation on Thiobarbituric acid- reactive substance (TBARS) assay for antioxidant activity
· In vitro method for assessing immuno-modulatory effect
The data will be analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
7.3 Does the study require any investigations or interventions conducted on animals, patients or humans? (If so describe briefly)
Yes. (Albino rat’s liver and human serum will be used for the study)
7.4 Has ethical clearance been obtained from your institution in case of 7.3?
Yes, obtained.
8 List of references
1. Swain P.K: in vitro Free Radical Scavenging Activity of The Ethanol Extract of Paederia foetida Linn; Indian Drugs, volume 45,no.5, May 2008,Pp 430-433
2. Sharma Sadanand: Rasatarangini, Motilal Banarsidas Publication Delhi, 11th edition 1979, Reprint 2000.Tarang 19/120-123, Pp 479
3. Sharma Sadanand: Rasatarangini, Motilal Banarsidas Publication Delhi, 11th edition 1979, Reprint 2000.Tarang 19/95, Pp 474
4. Sharma Sadanand: Rasatarangini, Motilal Banarsidas Publication Delhi, 11th edition 1979, Reprint 2000.Tarang 15/4-6, Pp 362
5. Shastri Ambikadatta: Rasa ratna samuchaya, Chaukhamba Amarabharati Prakashana, 5/29, Pp 99
6. Sharma Sadanand: Rasatarangini, Motilal Banarsidas Publication Delhi, 11th edition 1979 Reprint 2000.Tarang 19/98-103, Pp 475-476
7. Sharma Sadanand: Rasatarangini, Motilal Banarsidas Publication Delhi, 11th edition 1979 Reprint 2000.Tarang 19/104-117, Pp 476-478
8. Sharma Sadanand: Rasatarangini, Motilal Banarsidas Publication Delhi, 11th edition 1979 Reprint 2000.Tarang 19/106,110,115, Pp 476-477
9. Sharma Sadanand: Rasatarangini, Motilal Banarsidas Publication Delhi, 11th edition 1979 Reprint 2000.Tarang 19/120-123, Pp 479
10. Dr.Siddique Anees Ahmed: Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Birla Publications 1st edition, 2003-04, Pp 113
11. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc, Chicago, Founded 1768,15th edition 2002, vol 12, Pp 918
12. Dr.Rath Chittaranjan: Metallographic and clinical studies on Yashada bhasma 1991, B.H.U. Varanasi.
13. Dr.Singhal (MS).A: A study on biological and anti-bacterial properties of Yashada bhasma, 1992, Rishikul Ayurved College, Haridwar.
14. Dr. Ghous Mohammad: Observational study on the physico-chemical evaluation of Yashada bhasma and its hypoglycemic effect in Madhumeha, 2000, TGAMC, Bellary.
15. Dr.Ganta Gangadharam: Role of different media in preparation of Yashada bhasma and their comparative hypoglycemic effect in Madhumeha, 2004, TGAMC, Bellary.
16. Dr.Joshi Renuka: Pharmaceutical standardization of Yashada bhasma, 2004, Jamnagar.
17. Patnaik Nishakar: Determination of toxicity of Tamra bhasma and its anti-oxidant effect w.s.r to its Pharmaco-kinetics in experimental animal, 2001, B.H.U. Varanasi.
18. Pattanaik N., Tripathi Yamini B: Toxicity and free radicals scavenging property of Tamra bhasma, Indian Journal Of Clinical Biochemistry,2003,18(2) Pp 181-189.
19. Free radical scavenging activity of Pfaffia paniculata (Brazilian ginseng): I.J.P, June 2005 vol.37, Issue 3; Pp 174-178
20. Dr.Sharvari: Screening of free radical scavenging activity and immuno- modulatory effect of Rajata bhasma, 2007, Bijapur.
21. Fulzele S.V., P. M. Satturwar: Study of immuno-modulatory effect of Haridradi ghrita on rats, 2002, Nagpur.
22. Krishnan Geeta: A study on immuno-modulatory effect of an indigenous drug Boerhavia diffusa Linn, 1999, Trivendrum.
23. Srisilam K. and Sumalata D.V.: Immuno-modulators from higher plants, Indian Journal of Natural Products, 20(1), 3
24. Mitra Achintya: Studies on Vyadhi-kshamatva (Immuno-modulatory action) of Svarna bhasma, 2001, Kolkata.
25. Sharma Sadanand: Rasatarangini, Motilal Banarsidas Publication Delhi, 11th edition 1979, Reprint 2000.Tarang 5/27, Pp 79
26. Misra Gulraj Sharma: Ayurveda prakash, Chaukhamba Publication, Varanasi, 1999,Pp 260-261
27. Sharma Sadanand: Rasatarangini, Motilal Banarsidas Publication Delhi, 11th edition 1979, Reprint 2000.Tarang 15/4-6, Pp 362
28. Sharma Sadanand: Rasatarangini, Motilal Banarsidas Publication Delhi, 11th edition 1979, Reprint 2000.Tarang 19/98-99, Pp 475
29. Halasikara: Rasachandamshu, Atreya Sadana, Hubli, 1850, Purvakhanda Sloka 587, Pp 144
30. OECD Guidelines- http://www.oecd.org/ehs
31. Dr. Mukherjee Pulok K.: Quality control of Herbal drugs, 1st edition, 2002, Pp 562-567
32. Thompson R. A.: Techniques In Clinical Immunology, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st edition, 1977, Pp 201-218
33. Beckett A.H. and Stenlake J.P.: Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry Part 1, C.B.S Publishers and Distributors, 4th edition 2004.Pp 52.
9 SIGNATURE OF CANDIDATE :
10 REMARKS OF THE GUIDE : The present study has been selected to prove the Anti-oxidant and Immuno- modulatory effect of Yashada bhasma. Hence this study is herewith recommended for the approval from the university.
11 NAME AND DESIGNATION OF
11.1 GUIDE : Dr.P.G.JADAR. M.D. (Ayu)
Asst. Prof.
Department of Rasashastra
Post-Graduate Studies and Research Centre
K.L.E. Society’s
Shri B.M.K Ayurved Mahavidyalaya
Shahapur, Belgaum – 590 003
11.2 SIGNATURE :
11.3 CO-GUIDE : Dr. M. B. NAGMOTI M.D
Professor
Department of Microbiology
K.L.E. Society’s
Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College
Nehru Nagar, Belgaum-10
11.4 SIGNATURE :
11.5 HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT : Dr. R. C. MATHAD. B.S.A.M
Professor Department of Rasashastra
Post-Graduate Studies and Research Centre
K.L.E. Society’s
Shri B.M.K Ayurved Mahavidyalaya
Shahapur, Belgaum – 590 003
11.6 SIGNATURE :
12 REMARKS OF THE CHAIRMAN : The above synopsis is scrutinized by
PRINCIPAL PG staff cum research committee and
submitted for registration of subject for
dissertation.
12.1 SIGNATURE