The Enlightenment GH2/Napp

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Key Ideas of John Locke

  1. The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it.
  2. Reason teaches that all human beings are equal and independent.
  3. No one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions.
  4. Governments are made by the consent of the people.

Based on the information in this graphic organizer, state two specific rights that John Locke believed allhumans have.

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Outside Information on either John Locke or The Enlightenment:

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Notes:

  1. The Enlightenment
  1. During the Eighteenth century, philosophers began to examine the role of government
  2. They wanted to improve society by using reason
  3. This period is also called the Age of Reason
  1. The Enlightenment in France
  1. Many French philosophers began to criticize society
  2. Paris became the center of the Enlightenment
  3. French intellectuals often met at salons

1- In Paris, wealthy women invited thinkers to gather in their homes

2-These meetings were called salons.

  1. Enlightenment Ideals
  1. Religious tolerance (freedom of religion)
  2. People’s rights (rights to life, liberty, and property)
  3. The Social Contract (an agreement between the governed and the government)
  4. Separation of Powers (Executive, Legislative, Judicial)

Questions:

1-What did Enlightenment thinkers begin to examine in the 1700s? ______

2-What did Enlightenment thinkers use to improve society? ______

3-Define reason. ______

4-What is another term or name historians give to the Enlightenment? ______

5-Where was the center of the Enlightenment? ______

6-What was a salon? ______

7-State several Enlightenment ideals. ______

8-What is the social contract? ______

Reading [Global History: Geopolitical Patterns and Cultural Diffusion]

Writers of the Enlightenment
John Locke (1632-1704)
Two Treatises of Government (1690) / Locke believed all men have natural rights of life, liberty, property; men have a right of revolution if government fails to protect rights / Impact:
Influenced ideas of Jefferson and Declaration of Independence; used many times to justify revolution against unjust governments
Voltaire
(François-Marie Arouet, 1694-1778)
Letters on the English (1728) / Voltaire admired relative freedom of religion and press in England; believed enlightened despots should use power to benefit people / Impact:
Increased English pride in freedoms resulted in rise of enlightened despots
Jean Jacques Rousseau
(1712-1778)
Social Contract (1761) / Rousseau believed “man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains,” wanted men to give power to government (General Will) which would act for common good with consent of people / Impact:
Influenced development of democracy – government “of the people, by the people, for the people”
Montesquieu
(Charles Louis de Secondat, 1689-1755)
The Spirit of the Laws (1748) / Baron de Montesquieu believed in separation of powers (legislative/executive/judicial); wanted balance of power among various elements in government / Impact:
Influenced structure of U.S. Constitution and other constitutions based on it

You are the teacher.

1-What are the critical facts of the reading?

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2-Write four easy questions and two difficult questions for the document.

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1- One way in which Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau are similar is that they were
(1) philosophers during the Age of Enlightenment
(2) chief ministers during the French Revolution
(3) leaders of the Italian unification movement
(4) supporters of the Counter Reformation
2.
  • Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains.
  • Everyone has the natural right to life, liberty, and property.
  • Slavery, torture, and religious persecution are wrong.
During which period in European history would the ideas in these statements have been expressed?
A)The Pax Romana
B)The Age of Exploration
C)The Enlightenment
D)The Age of Imperialism / 3. Which statement expresses an idea of the Enlightenment?
(1) The king is sacred and answers only to God.
(2) History is a continuous struggle between social classes.
(3) Those who are the most fit will survive and succeed.
(4) All individuals have natural rights.
4. One contribution that John Locke made to Enlightenment philosophy was the idea that
(1) absolute monarchies should continue
(2) the punishment should fit the crime
(3) individual rights should be denied
(4) governments should be based on the consent of the people

Critical Thinking Questions:

1-What were Voltaire's contributions to Enlightenment thought? ______

2-Why were philosophes (philosophers of the Enlightenment) in conflict with the established churches? ______

3-How did salons encourage the spread of Enlightenment ideas? What role did women play in salons? ______

4-What is the cartoonist suggesting about separation of powers and then President George Bush? ______

5-Is the cartoon complimentary or critical of the President? Defend your answer.

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6-Why would Montesquieu be particularly troubled about this cartoon? ______