Biology EOC Review Packet #3

  1. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA in terms of: structure, base pairs, pairing rules, and purposes of each molecule.
  1. How are genes, DNA, and chromosomes all related? Which one is the smallest in size and which is the largest? How do you know? Draw a simple picture of each structure.
  1. Explain the central dogma of biology DNA -> RNA -> Proteins in your own words.
  1. Explain how DNA is life’s giant book of instructions in your own words.
  1. Compare AND contrast transcription versus translation? What is the point of each process? Where does each process occur? What molecules and organelles are involved in each process?
  1. Explain protein synthesis as a whole process in your own words:
  1. Compare and contrast Meiosis I versus Meiosis II. How are they similar? How are they different? What happens in each round of division?
  1. State each part of the chromosomal theory of inheritance and explain what each part means in your own words.
  1. Who was Gregor Mendel? Why was he important?
  1. What are mutations?
  1. Compare a mutation in a somatic cell versus a mutation in a germ cell:
  1. How do mutations serve to introduce new characteristics and variation into a population?
  1. In your own words, why are mutations important?
  1. Define silent, recessive, deletion, and deleterious mutations.
  1. How is mutation related to adaptation and evolution?
  1. Summarize the process of natural selection. How long does this process take to occur?
  1. Why is genetic diversity/variation important in a population? How does it help ensure survival?
  1. How did the ancestral finch species evolve into so many different species of finch in the Galapagos Islands? What did genetics AND environment have to do with the evolution of this bird?
  1. Explain the three lines of evidence we use to understand and explain biological evolution.
  1. How do we use each line of evidence to support the theory of evolution?
  1. Use the phylogenetic tree below to answer the following questions:

  1. Who is more closely related to humans? Whales or sharks?
  1. Are frogs more closely related to Sharks or Birds? How do you know?