CP BIO Review Guide Chapter 1 Name ______

The Study of Life

Traits of Life: All organisms have the same traits of life

1. Cell is the unit of life: unicellular, multicellular

  1. Information and Heredity: DNA, genetic code is universal
  2. Matter and Energy: raw materials and energy needed for life functions

i. Interdependence: producers, consumers, decomposers

ii. Materials cycle between biotic and abiotic

  1. Energy does NOT cycle, is used for life processes
  1. Grow and develop: cells increase number, differentiate

i. Stem cells – unspecialized

ii. Levels of organization: cells  tissues  organs  systems

  1. Are organized: cell parts do specific functions

i. Multicellular: cells – tissues – organs – organ systems – organism

ii. Different body parts do specific functions

  1. Reproduce to continue species

i. Asexual - offspring identical to parent, same DNA

ii. Sexual – offspring is mix of two parents, shared DNA

iii. Species: organisms look similar and can make fertile offspring

  1. Homeostasis – maintain stable internal environment

Metabolism – all the chemical reactions in an organism

1. break large molecules down

  1. build larger molecules, synthesis
  1. Respond to changes in the environment

i. Stimulus – change that causes a reaction

ii. Response – reaction to a stimulus

  1. Evolve – Species slowly change to adapt; individuals cannot evolve

Evolution explains unity and diversity of life

i. Unity: Organisms share life traits, similar structure, use molecules the

same way, same genetic code  shows common ancestor

ii. Diversity: evolved over time to fit different environments

Structure and function: parts evolved to do a function best

Viruses -structure, traits of life, living?

Life processes keep organisms alive

1. Cellular respiration – break down food for energy

a. aerobic uses oxygen, gets the most energy from food

b. anaerobic – no oxygen

2. Nutrition – get or make food (nutrients) and process it for cells

a. autotrophs: photosynthetic or chemosynthetic, make their own food

b. heterotrophs: find and eat food; food chains, decomposers

c. human: digestive system, stomach, intestines

3. Transport – move materials around in cells and organisms

a. human: circulatory system, heart, blood

4. Excretion – remove wastes made in metabolism

a. human: excretory systems: kidneys, lungs, liver, skin

5. Synthesis – cells make molecules needed by cells

6. Reproduction – make new cells or new organism

a. asexual and sexual

7. Growth and Development – cells specialize to perform different functions

8. Regulation – control kinds and rates of chemical reactions

a. nervous system – brain, nerves, rapid response

b. endocrine system – glands make hormones, chemical messengers

cause response in specific organs.

Science Inquiry, Experimental Design

  • Discovery/observation; experimentation- tries to explain nature
  • Controlled studies: two identical groups or set-ups, except for one thing
  • Control set-up: has original set of variables
  • Test or Experimental set-up: has one variable different from control
  • Independent variable – manipulated, the one you change
  • dependent variable – responds, depends on the one you changed
  • Hypothesis – possible solution to a problem, can be tested

Theory – accepted explanation for a natural occurrence, supported by data