Comparative Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Costing of Lodging in the Himalaya

electronic supplementary material

Promoting sustainability in emerging economies via life cycle thinking

Comparative life cycle assessment and life cycle costing of lodging in the Himalaya

Silu Bhochhibhoya1 • Massimo Pizzol2 • Wouter M.J. Achten3 • Ramesh Kumar Maskey4 • Michela Zanetti1 • Raffaele Cavalli1

Received: 9 December 2016 / Accepted: 5 October 2016

Responsible editor: Pomthong Malakul

1Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padova, Italy

2Department of Development and Planning, Aalborg University, Denmark

3Institute for Environmental Management and Land-Use Planning, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium

4School of Engineering, Kathmandu University, Nepal

 Silu Bhochhibhoya

Appendix 1

Parameters used to quantify the amount of building materials

Building Components / Modern / Semi modern / Traditional
Thickness (m) / Density / Volume (m3)
Wall / Wooden plank / 0.05 / 670.00 / 2.75 / 2.08 / 1.12
Plywood / 0.01 / 6.18 / 18.81 / 12.85 / 4.99
Glasswool / 0.05 / 32.00 / 5.50 / 0.00 / 0.00
Mud / T=0.05
SM, M=0.01 / 1906.00 / 4.25 / 2.60 / 4.41
Stone / T=0.55
SM,M=0.5 / 2610.00 / 169.89 / 104.16 / 44.12
Polystyrene / 0.02 / 28.00 / 7.32 / 0.00 / 0.00
Enamel / - / 1090.00 / 0.04 / 0.03 / 0.01
Ordinary nails / 1.08 / 7.87 / 0.85 / 0.35
Cement / 0.01 / 2162.00 / 0.15 / 0.09 / 0.03
Roof / Wooden joist / 0.09 / 670.00 / 9.80 / 3.32 / 3.33
CGI` / 4.71 / 177.26 / 59.95 / 59.75
Roofing nails / 3.64 / 2.70 / 1.23 / 1.23
Window / Wooden frame / 0.55 / 670.00 / 0.34 / 0.12
Glass / 0.04 / 10.00 / 122.17 / 43.25 / 20.45
Door / Wooden door / 0.10 / 670.00 / 0.15 / 0.13 / 0.15
Plywood door / 0.77 / 6.18 / 0.73 / 0.28
Floor / Wooden joist / 0.09 / 670.00 / 8.45 / 5.22 / 2.11
Wooden plank / 0.05 / 670.00 / 10.52 / 6.50 / 2.62
Ceiling / Wooden joist / 0.09 / 670.00 / 8.45 / 5.22 / 2.11
Plywood / 0.01 / 6.18 / 5.90 / 3.65 / 1.47
Ladder / Wood / 0.05 / 670.00 / 0.08 / 0.11 / 0.08
Corridor / Wooden plank / 0.05 / 670.00 / 2.50 / 1.10 / 1.23
Wooden joist / 0.09 / 670.00 / 0.69 / 0.25 / 0.30
Pillar / Cement / 2162.00 / 0.12 / 0.00 / 0.00
Sand / 1550.00 / 0.70 / 0.00 / 0.00
Rod / 7850.00 / 0.03 / 0.00 / 0.00

Appendix 2

Emission factor for the different fuel types in Nepal

(Bhattacharya and Salam 2002)

Cooking options / Efficiency values selected (%) / Emission factor values selected
CO2 (kg/kWh) / CH4 (kg/kWh) / N20 (kg/kWh)
Traditional stoves (Wood) / 11 / 0.37 / 0.0018 / 0.00001
Traditional stoves (dung) / 10.6 / 0.35 / 0.001 / 0.00001
Improved stoves (Wood) / 24 / 0.31 / 0.0014 / 0.00001
Nepalese two- pot metallic / 0.35 / 0.0013 / 0.00001
Improved stoves (dung) / 19 / 0.36 / 0.001 / 0.00001
LPG / 55 / 0.384 / 0.00007 / 0.000006
Kerosene / 45 / 0.559 / 0.0001 / 0.00001

Appendix 3

Replacement intervals during the period of 50 years

Materials / Typical replacement intervals (years) / Number of replacement over 50 years
CGI / 30 / 1
Roofing Nail / 30 / 1
Wooden plank / 100+ / -
Wooden Window / 50 / -
Plywood wall / 15-30 / 2
Plywood door / 15-30 / 1
Plywood ceiling / 15-30 / 1
Glass wool / 25-30 / 1
Polystyrene / 10-15 / 2
Stone / 100+ / -

Appendix 4

Sensitivity analysis of different parameters

LCA / Modern / Semi-Modern / Traditional
Parameters / Unit / CS / OS / M&RS / CS / OS / M&RS / CS / OS / M&RS
25 years
Global warming (GWP100a) / kg CO2 eq / 2.5E-01 / 1.0E+01 / 2.3E-01 / 1.0E-01 / 5.2E+00 / 1.3E-01 / 1.2E-01 / 8.7E+00 / 2.0E-01
Ozone layer
depletion (ODP) / kg CFC-11 eq / 2.1E-08 / 6.2E-06 / 1.7E-08 / 8.5E-09 / 1.9E-06 / 1.0E-08 / 1.0E-08 / 5.2E-07 / 1.6E-08
Photochemical
oxidation / kg C2H4 eq / 1.7E-04 / 3.7E-03 / 1.5E-04 / 8.0E-05 / 1.4E-03 / 8.0E-05 / 8.2E-05 / 9.6E-04 / 1.1E-04
Acidification / kg SO2 eq / 1.9E-03 / 5.9E-02 / 1.6E-03 / 7.8E-04 / 2.0E-02 / 9.1E-04 / 8.9E-04 / 1.0E-02 / 1.3E-03
Eutrophication / kg PO4--- eq / 3.5E-03 / 1.5E-02 / 3.9E-03 / 9.8E-04 / 5.7E-03 / 2.7E-03 / 1.6E-03 / 5.0E-03 / 5.0E-03
Particulate matter formation / kg PM10 eq / 1.3E-03 / 1.7E-02 / 1.2E-03 / 5.1E-04 / 5.7E-03 / 7.4E-04 / 6.0E-04 / 4.0E-03 / 1.2E-03
100 years
Global warming (GWP100a) / kg CO2 eq / 6.3E-02 / 1.0E+01 / 5.7E-02 / 2.5E-02 / 5.2E+00 / 3.3E-02 / 2.9E-02 / 8.7E+00 / 4.9E-02
Ozone layer
depletion (ODP) / kg CFC-11 eq / 5.4E-09 / 6.2E-06 / 4.3E-09 / 2.1E-09 / 1.9E-06 / 2.6E-09 / 2.6E-09 / 5.2E-07 / 4.0E-09
Photochemical
oxidation / kg C2H4 eq / 4.3E-05 / 3.7E-03 / 3.6E-05 / 2.0E-05 / 1.4E-03 / 2.0E-05 / 2.0E-05 / 9.6E-04 / 2.8E-05
Acidification / kg SO2 eq / 4.6E-04 / 5.9E-02 / 4.0E-04 / 2.0E-04 / 2.0E-02 / 2.3E-04 / 2.2E-04 / 1.0E-02 / 3.1E-04
Eutrophication / kg PO4--- eq / 8.8E-04 / 1.5E-02 / 9.8E-04 / 2.4E-04 / 5.7E-03 / 6.8E-04 / 4.0E-04 / 5.0E-03 / 1.3E-03
Particulate matter formation / kg PM10 eq / 3.3E-04 / 1.7E-02 / 3.0E-04 / 1.3E-04 / 5.7E-03 / 1.8E-04 / 1.5E-04 / 4.0E-03 / 2.9E-04
50% occupancy
Global warming (GWP100a) / kg CO2 eq / 2.0E-01 / 1.6E+01 / 1.8E-01 / 8.0E-02 / 8.3E+00 / 1.1E-01 / 9.4E-02 / 1.4E+01 / 1.6E-01
Ozone layer
depletion (ODP) / kg CFC-11 eq / 1.7E-08 / 1.0E-05 / 1.4E-08 / 6.8E-09 / 3.1E-06 / 8.2E-09 / 8.2E-09 / 8.3E-07 / 1.3E-08
Photochemical
oxidation / kg C2H4 eq / 1.4E-04 / 5.9E-03 / 1.2E-04 / 6.4E-05 / 2.2E-03 / 6.4E-05 / 6.5E-05 / 1.5E-03 / 8.8E-05
Acidification / kg SO2 eq / 1.5E-03 / 9.5E-02 / 1.3E-03 / 6.3E-04 / 3.1E-02 / 7.3E-04 / 7.1E-04 / 1.7E-02 / 1.0E-03
Eutrophication / kg PO4--- eq / 2.8E-03 / 2.4E-02 / 3.1E-03 / 7.8E-04 / 9.1E-03 / 2.2E-03 / 1.3E-03 / 8.0E-03 / 4.0E-03
Photochemical
oxidant formation / kg NMVOC / 1.6E-03 / 6.2E-02 / 1.3E-03 / 7.1E-04 / 2.3E-02 / 7.3E-04 / 7.4E-04 / 1.9E-02 / 9.8E-04
Discount and Inflation rate
Global warming (GWP100a) / kg CO2 eq / 1.1E-01 / 1.0E+01 / 1.1E-01 / 4.0E-02 / 5.0E+00 / 8.0E-02 / 7.0E-02 / 8.7E+00 / 1.3E-02
Ozone layer depletion (ODP) / kg CFC-11 eq / 1.1E-08 / 6.2E-06 / 8.6E-09 / 4.3E-09 / 1.9E-06 / 5.1E-09 / 5.1E-09 / 5.2E-07 / 7.9E-09
Photochemical
oxidation / kg C2H4 eq / 8.7E-05 / 3.7E-03 / 7.3E-05 / 4.0E-05 / 1.4E-03 / 4.0E-05 / 4.1E-05 / 9.6E-04 / 5.5E-05
Acidification / kg SO2 eq / 9.3E-04 / 5.9E-02 / 7.9E-04 / 3.9E-04 / 2.0E-02 / 4.5E-04 / 4.4E-04 / 1.0E-02 / 6.3E-04
Eutrophication / kg PO4--- eq / 1.8E-03 / 1.5E-02 / 2.0E-03 / 4.9E-04 / 5.7E-03 / 1.4E-03 / 8.0E-04 / 5.0E-03 / 2.5E-03
Particulate matter formation / kg PM10 eq / 6.7E-04 / 1.7E-02 / 6.0E-04 / 2.6E-04 / 5.7E-03 / 3.7E-04 / 3.0E-04 / 4.0E-03 / 5.8E-04
LCC
25 years / Economic / 3.3E-01 / 1.2E-01 / 3.4E+00 / 1.2E-01 / 5.7E+00 / 1.3E+00 / 1.1E-01 / 3.4E+00 / 1.0E+00
100 years / Economic / 8.0E-02 / 1.8E+01 / 8.4E-01 / 3.0E-02 / 5.7E+00 / 3.2E-01 / 3.0E-02 / 3.4E+00 / 2.6E-01
50% occupancy / Economic / 2.6E-01 / 3.0E+01 / 2.7E+00 / 9.0E-02 / 9.2E+00 / 1.0E+00 / 9.0E-02 / 5.4E+00 / 8.3E-01
Discount & Inflation / Economic / 1.6E-01 / 8.6E+00 / 1.3E+00 / 6.0E-02 / 2.7E+00 / 5.2E-01 / 6.0E-02 / 3.4E+00 / 4.1E-01

*CS= Construction stage, OS= Operational stage, M&RS= Maintenance and Replacement stage