Workshop on Carbon Management
Speaker’s
Biographical Sketches
and
Abstracts
December 9-10, 2000
National Academy of Sciences
Lecture Room
Carol A. Creutz
Brookhaven National Laboratory
PO Box 5000, Building 555a
Upton, NY 11973-5000
Carol Creutz is Senior Chemist at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Dr. Creutz received her B.S. in Chemistry in 1966 from the University of California, Los Angeles and her Ph. D. 1971 in Chemistry from Stanford University. She served as Assistant Professor at Georgetown University from 1970 to1971 before joining the staff at Brookhaven National Laboratory Chemistry Department: Research Associate 1972-1975; Associate Chemist 1975-1977; Chemist 1977-1980; Chemist with Tenure 1980-1989; Senior Chemist 1989-present; Chair, Chemistry Department 1995-2000.
Her professional activities include Chemistry Research Evaluation Panel, Air Force Office of Scientific Research, 1979-83; Editorial Board, Inorganic Chemistry, 1988-91; Councilor, American Chemical Society, Inorganic Division, 1992-95; National Research Council Committee on Prudent Practices for Handling, Storage, and Disposal of Chemicals in the Laboratory, 1992-95; National Research Council Panel on Laboratory Design, 1998-1999
Dr. Creutz’s research interests: kinetics and mechanisms of ground and excited-state reactions of transition metal complexes, homogeneous catalysis in water; charge transfer processes in nanoscale clusters.
Carbon Dioxide as a Feedstock
ABSTRACT
As an alternative to sequestration of carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide can be used as a raw material for different chemical processes including bulk and fine chemical production and fuel production. Current and proposed utilization strategies will be surveyed with emphasis on the reactivity of carbon dioxide and catalysts used to augment this reactivity. This will be an overview talk based on material1 presented at the Opportunities for Catalysis Research in Carbon Management Workshop sponsored by the Council on Chemical Sciences (Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1999) and other sources.2-4
Acknowledgment: This talk utilizes the contributions of the authors of the publication below.1 This work was carried out at Brookhaven National Laboratory under contract DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy and was supported by its Division of Chemical Sciences, Office of Basic Energy Sciences.
1”Opportunities for Catalysis Research in Carbon Management”
M. Aresta, J. N. Armor, M. A. Barteau, E. J. Beckman, A. T. Bell, J. E. Bercaw, C.Creutz, E. Dinjus, D. A. Dixon, K. Domen, D. L. Dubois, J. Eckert, E. Fujita, D.H. Gibson, W. A. Goddard, D. W. Goodman, J. Keller, G. J. Kubas, H.H.Kung, J. E. Lyons, L. E. Manzer, T. J. Marks, K. Morokuma, K.M.Nicholas, R.Periana, L. Que, J. Rostrup-Nielson, W. M. H. Sachtler, L.D. Schmidt, A.Sen, G.A.Somorjai, P. C. Stair, B. R. Stults and W. Tumas
Chem. Rev. (submitted)
2Behr, A. Carbon dioxide activation by metal complexes; VCH: Cambridge, 1988.
3Electrochemical and Electrocatalytic Reactions of Carbon Dioxide; Sullivan, B. P.; Krist, K.; Guard, H. E., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1993.
4Carbon Management: Assessment of Fundamental Research Needs, S. Benson. W. Chandler, J. Edmonds, M. Levine, L. Bates, H. Chum, J. Dooley, D. Grether, J. Houghton, J. Logan, G. Wiltsee, and L. Wright (1997)
James A. Edmonds
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
901 D Street Southwest, Suite 900
Washington, DC 20024
James Edmonds is a Chief Scientist and Technical Leader of Economic Programs at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). Dr. Edmonds heads an international global change research program at PNNL with active collaborations in more than a dozen institutions and countries. Dr. Edmonds is well known for his contributions the Integrated Assessment of climate change, the examination of interactions between energy, technology, policy and the environment. Dr. Edmonds has expounded extensively on the subject of global change including books, papers, and presentations. Dr. Edmonds’ books on the subject of global change include, Global Energy Assessing the Future, with John Reilly (Oxford University Press). His book, with Don Wuebbles, A Primer on Greenhouse Gases won the scientific book of the year award at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. He presently serves as a Lead Author in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change third assessment report, currently underway. Dr. Edmonds’ current research focuses on the application of Integrated Assessment Models to the development of a long-term, Global Energy Technology Strategy to Address Climate Change. Dr. Edmonds’ Global Climate Change Group at PNNL, received the Director’s Award for Research Excellence in 1995. In 1997 Dr. Edmonds received the BER50 Award from the United States Department of Energy in recognition of his research accomplishments. Dr. Edmonds recently received the Stanford Energy Modeling Forum “Hall of Fame” Award (2000). Dr. Edmonds was trained as an economist with a B.A. from Kalamazoo College (1969), and M.A. (1972) and Ph.D. (1974) from Duke University.
Carbon Management-The Challenge
ABSTRACT
The presentation will provide a motivation for carbon management, including a discussion of the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and the concentration of carbon in the atmosphere, the relationship between human activities and the emissions of greenhouse gases with special emphasis on the energy connection, and the role of technology development in developing a long-term strategy for addressing the problem.
John Stringer
Materials and Chemistry Support Department
Science and Technology Division
EPRI
3412 Hillview Avenue
Palo Alto, CA 94304-1395
Dr. John Stringer is the Director of Materials & Chemistry Support in the Science & Technology Development Division at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in Palo Alto, California. In 1988 he was appointed Director of Technical Support in the Generation and Storage Division. He was appointed to his present post in 1991. From 1982 to 1988 Dr. Stringer was Manager of the Materials Support Program and also of the Exploratory Research Program.
Dr. Stringer joined the Institute in 1977 as Project Manager in the Materials Support Program. Before joining EPRI, Dr. Stringer was Head of the Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science at the University of Liverpool, England. From 1963 to 1966, he worked for Battelle Memorial Institute in Columbus, Ohio as a Fellow in the Metal Science Group. From 1957 to 1963, Dr. Stringer was a member of the teaching staff in the Department of Metallurgy at the University of Liverpool.
Dr. Stringer received a B.S. degree in Engineering with first class honors in Metallurgy from the University of Liverpool in 1955. He was awarded the Ph.D. degree in 1958 and a Doctor of Engineering degree from the University in 1975.
Dr. Stringer is the author of two books, editor of nine others, and is the author or co-author of over 300 papers, primarily in the areas of high temperature oxidation and corrosion of metals and alloys, galvanomagnetic effects in alloys, and erosion and corrosion of components in fluidized bed combustors.
Dr. Stringer is a Fellow of the Institute of Fuel, a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, and a Chartered Engineer (U.K.). He is one of the first group of Fellows of NACE International (formerly the National Association of Corrosion Engineers), elected in 1993, and a Fellow of The Metallurgical Society (TMS) of the American Institute of Metallurgical Engineers, elected in 1992. He is also a member of the American Society for Metals and of the Materials Research Society. In 1993 he was awarded the Ulick R. Evans Award of the Institute of Corrosion (U.K.) “for outstanding work in the field of corrosion.”
Carbon Management Alternatives for the Electric Utility Industry
ABSTRACT
The electric utility industry is responsible for approximately 1/3 of the anthropogenic CO2 generated in the U.S. The sources are large and fixed, which makes them a logical target for early approaches to controlling CO2 emissions. Of the electricity generated, a little over half comes from pulverized coal fired stations, based on the steam Rankine cycle. The approaches proposed include trading credits, but this aspect will not be discussed in this presentation. The others are, essentially, continuing the improvements in the thermal efficiency of generation; the increase in the hydrogen-to-carbon ratio of the fuel, and the improvements in the efficiency
in end use (this has the effect of decreasing the energy/GDP ratio). Continuing the increase in the fraction of the total energy usage which is represented by electricity is also believed to be helpful, although this is perhaps more evident in a global context. The final approach is to capture and sequester the CO2 which is emitted by fossil-fired systems. The progress in these different approaches, and the part they can be expected to play over the next few decades will be discussed.
Leo E. Manzer
DuPont Central Research
Experimental Station
Wilmington DE, 19880-0262
Leo E. Manzer is a DuPont Fellow in DuPont's Central Science and Engineering Laboratories at the Experimental Station in Wilmington, Delaware, USA. He was born and educated in Canada. After receiving his Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of Western Ontario, Canada, in 1973, he joined DuPont in Wilmington. During his career, he has held a variety of positions in Delaware and Texas, overseeing research programs in homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. He founded and directed the Corporate Catalysis Center at DuPont from 1987-1993. Dr. Manzer is a member of the North American catalysis society and is an Adjunct Professor in the Departments of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Delaware. He is on the editorial boards of several major catalysis journals and is actively involved in promoting the value of catalysis to society. Dr. Manzer has been involved in all aspects of catalysis in DuPont and led the research effort for the development of alternatives to chlorofluorocarbons.
Dr. Manzer is the author of over 80 publications and 60 patents. He has received a number of awards, including the 1995 Earle B. Barnes Award from the American Chemical Society for leadership in Chemical Research Management and the 1997 Philadelphia Catalysis Society Award for excellence in catalysis.
Managing Carbon Losses Through Selective Oxidation Catalysis
ABSTRACT
Increasing awareness of global warming has raised concern about the rising levels of gases such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Although the contribution from chemical processes is minor relative to stationary power sources and automobiles, the opportunity for reducing CO2 emissions is worth pursuing. Catalytic oxidation processes are among the least selective of all catalytic processes and therefore offer the highest potential for CO2 reduction.
During this presentation an overview of current and future trends in selective oxidation catalysis will be given. These include 1) gas-phase oxidations under anaerobic conditions, 2) the use of non-conventional oxidants such as H2-O2, N2O, H2O2, and RO2H; 3) the use of paraffin feedstocks; 4) new process chemistry; 5) oxidations under unusual process conditions.
James A. Spearot
General Motors
Research & Development Center and Planning
30500 Mound Road
Mail Code 480-106-160
Warren, MI 48090-9055
James A. (Jim) Spearot was appointed Director of the Chemical and Environmental Sciences Laboratory at the General Motors Research and Development Center in August 1998.
His laboratory’s mission is to develop cost-effective environmental strategies and systems for General Motors’ products and processes. Key research areas for the laboratory include life cycle analysis, low cost emissions control strategies, environmental systems for advanced material processing, fuel and lubricant systems for advanced powertrains, and innovative, efficient test environments and analytical measurements. Additionally, Dr. Spearot serves as Chief Scientist of GM’s Powertrain Division, a position he has held since November 1998.
A native of Hartford, Connecticut, Dr. Spearot was born on April 26, 1945. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in chemical engineering from Syracuse University in 1967, and a master’s and doctorate, also in chemical engineering, from the University of Delaware, in 1970 and 1972, respectively.
Dr. Spearot began his GM career in 1972 as an Assistant Senior Research Engineer in the Fuels and Lubricants Department. He held positions of increasing responsibility, including Principal Research Engineer and Section Manager of Surface and Rheological Studies, that led to his appointment as Department Head in 1992.
He is a member of several organizations: the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), the Society of Rheology, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). He is a former chairman of the SAE Fuels and Lubricants Division, and serves on the Fluids Committee of the Engine Manufacturers Association. He also serves as Chairman of the Fuels Working Group of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV). His professional honors include: an ASTM Award for Excellence in 1990; the Arch T. Colwell Merit Award from the SAE in 1987; and the Award for Research on Automotive Lubricants, also from the SAE in 1987.
Advanced Engine/Fuel Systems Development For Minimizing Co2 Generation
ABSTRACT
Potential changes in energy utilization during the 21st century are predicted based on past and current trends in fuel usage. Since motor vehicles represent a growing portion of global energy requirements, it is important to determine how automotive technology can align with societal needs and demands. Four stroke, direct injection, internal combustion engines and fuel cells represent leading powertrain technologies for future vehicle applications. These technologies, in combination with reformulated petroleum-based fuels, will be developed to meet applicable emissions and fuel efficiency goals, and will provide substantial reductions in CO2 generation per mile of vehicle travel during the early decades of the 21st century. Elimination of carbon emissions from motor vehicles will demand advanced powertrain technologies in combination with totally different fuels. Engine/fuel systems that could potentially be used to create a CO2-neutral transportation system are reviewed and discussed.
David C. Thomas
BP Amoco
CO2 Mitigation Technology
150 West Warrenville Road
Naperville, IL 60566
David C. Thomas as Manager of CO2 Mitigation Technology leads BP Amoco’s efforts in reducing CO2 emissions from its operations. He has held a broad range of positions in technology development, research, management, and strategy development in exploration, production, and chemicals. Dr. Thomas holds a PhD in Physical Chemistry from the University of Oklahoma and has published over 40 papers and 5 patents.
Carbon Dioxide Mitigation – A Challenge for the 21st Century
ABSTRACT
Global warming has become an important topic for businesses that produce and consume significant quantities of hydrocarbon-based fuels or feedstocks. Global concern is growing that greenhouse gases, of which CO2 is the dominate component, are causing serious harm to the world’s climate. Some nations have begun to take regulatory steps to curb emissions and to encourage mitigation activities. The petroleum industry plays a special role because it both produces hydrocarbons for use by our customers and generates significant levels of GHG emission. The industry also presents the best short and mid-range options for mitigating those emissions through geological storage. BP Amoco has chosen to take a leadership role in addressing greenhouse gas emissions. We are carrying out an aggressive internal program to reduce our own emissions and to test an emissions trading program as a tool for cost effective mitigation. We are also leading an international consortium of energy companies to develop cost effective technologies in support of capture and storage of material amounts of CO2. This presentation will summarize the available options and comment on their applicability. We will discuss directional approaches and issues on geological sequestration concentrating on capture, separation, transport, injection, and monitoring issues. Few solutions will be presented but viable options will be described and evaluated.
Patrick R. Gruber
Cargill Dow LLC
15305 Minnetonka Boulevard
Minnetonka, MN 55345
Pat Gruber is currently Vice President and Chief Technology Officer, Cargill Dow LLC. Cargill Dow LLC is a joint venture between Cargill, Incorporated, and Dow Chemicals. Dr. Gruber began working with Cargill Dow in 1997 and has served as Vice President since Cargill Dow’s formation. Dr. Gruber joined Cargill Dow full time beginning in January 2000.
During his tenure at Cargill he served in a wide range of roles in the technology and business development area. Dr. Gruber has spent his career developing technology and business opportunities in the area of chemical products made from renewable resources targeted to animal feed products, food ingredients, and industrial chemicals.
Dr. Gruber has served on strategy and business teams at the Division level of Cargill. From 1995-1998 Gruber was Director of Technology Development for Cargill’s bioproducts areas. From 1998 through 1999 he served as Technical Director of Cargill’s BioScience Division where as a member of the Business Management Team was involved with identifying, then starting up a variety of new businesses, as well as building capability in the food products and animal nutrition area.
Dr. Gruber was President of Lactech, a technology development company, from 1989-1995, which successfully developed lactic acid technology which was licensed to Cargill, Incorporated. In 1989 he was named leader of Cargill's renewable bioplastics project with responsibility for the development and marketing of a lactic acid polymer now known as NatureWorkstm. In this general management role, Gruber led the development from concept through technical and market validation, building the organization which formed the core of Cargill Dow.
Dr. Gruber has 37 U.S. patents issued with more than dozen pending. In 1998 he received Inventor of the Year from Minnesota Patent Lawyers. In 1993, he received R & D Magazine's Top 100 Inventions of the Year award for advances in stabilizing enzymes. Dr. Gruber has served as one of the program reviewers of DOE's Biofuels Program 1998 and 1999. He has been counselor of BEPDS since 1997.
Gruber received a bachelor's degree in from the University of Saint Thomas, St. Paul, Minn., in 1983, where he majored in chemistry and biology. He earned a doctorate in chemistry from the University of Minnesota in 1987. Gruber also has a Masters in Business Administration from the Carslon School of Management at the University of Minnesota in 1994.
Polymers and Chemicals made from Renewable Resources: Polylactic Acid as a Case Study
ABSTRACT
Using PLA as an example, I will discuss CO2 use in polymers and chemical intermediates made from renewable resources. PLA provides an interesting example because of its world scale commercialization by Cargill Dow. PLA has the attributes typical of traditional thermoplastic materials and can serve a wide market area from packaging, to fibers for apparel and carpet. PLA process technology is advanced enough so that it can compete on price and performance against commodity types of materials. PLA is made from lactic acid, a product of fermentation from sugar. The sugar sources are renewable feedstocks such as corn or cane. The process technology guidelines Cargill Dow has used will be presented. Select “cradle to grave” data and issues from PLA’s life cycle assessment will be presented. This information is useful for determining approaches to CO2 emission minimization and eventual sequestration. Cargill Dow’s approaches to CO2 utilization will be discussed. Market potential for products made from renewable resources using technology similar to that used for PLA will be presented. These products include derivatives of lactic acid as well as other organic acids and derivatives. In total, the potential for these products would be on the order of 10 billion pounds or more. Finally, suggestions for research direction will be presented.