Approximate Questions to the Topics

  1. CHEMICAL ELEMENTS

1)What is a chemical element?

2)What elements are included into the list of those which occur in nature in a chemically free state?

3)What are the most abundant elements on the Earth?

4)What do the properties of elements depend on?

5)What does an atomic number of an element indicate?

6)What particles are included into the structure of an element?

7)What is valence?

8)What types of bonds do you know? Describe them.

9)Who made a complete table of elements by arranging them in order of their atomic weights in rows?

10)How many elements are known at present?

  1. CHEMICAL REACTIONS

1)What is a chemical reaction?

2)How are chemical reactions manifested?

3)According to what criterion are chemical reactions often classified?

4)Define a synthesis reaction.

5)Name a reaction in which a compound breaks up into at least two simpler parts.

6)Define a polymerization reaction.

7)What is a chain reaction?

8)Name a reaction in which a compound loses one or more atoms and then gains one or more other atoms.

9)What is the difference between an elimination reaction and an additional one?

10)Describe an acid-base reaction.

  1. ACIDS AND ALKALI

1)Are acids useful or dangerous?

2)From what Latin term does the word "acid" come from?

3)What colour does a litmus paper turn when it is dipped into acids?

4)Why must acids be used with great care?

5)What is a "neutralization" reaction? What products can be received when acids react with bases?

6)What did people use to make alkalis from?

7)What colour do alkalis turn litmus paper?

8)What are the main properties of alkalis?

9)In manufacturing of what product are large quantities of alkalis used?

10)Are alkalis helpful in medicine? What ailments (недомогания) can alkaline products treat?

  1. ALCOHOL

1)What kind of liquid is alcohol?

2)By what process is alcohol formed?

3)What alcohols are of medical interest?

4)What for are alcohols used in medicine?

5)For the production of what chemical substances is alcohol used?

6)Can alcohols be poisonous? What harm can they cause and when?

7)In what case can it be fatal?

8)What are the characteristics of alcohol drinks? Are they useful?

9)Can alcohol increase the potency of some drugs?

10)In what groups of patients is alcohol harmful?

  1. A COMMUNITY PHARMACY

1)Where are medicines compounded and dispensed?

2)What term is used in the USA instead of the term "chemist's"?

3)What articles can be bought by customers in a large hall of a community pharmacy?

4)How are non-prescription drugs commonly called?

5)Are they regarded as safe for the customers and why?

6)Who cater for the customers in the OTC department?

7)By whom may prescription drugs be dispensed?

8)What is a technician? What is a technician responsible for?

9)What equipment must a community pharmacy have?

10)What do you understand under the term "extemporaneous compounding"?

  1. PRESCRIPTIONS, DRUG LABELING

1)What is a prescription?

2)What is commonly imprinted on a prescription?

3)What is a prescription similar to?

4)What is the main difference between a prescription and a medication order?

5)What information must a prescription order for controlled substances contain?

6)Can a prescription be refilled? On what condition?

7)Is there any label for a prescription order?

8)What information must the label for a prescription order have?

9)There are two types of labels, aren't there? Describe them.

10)What may confuse a patient?

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1)Is proper labelling an important aspect of dispensing a prescription?

2)What a label must comply with?

3)What information must a label convey?

4)What information do federal and state regulations require to appear on the label?

5)What is an expiration date?

6)Are there any directions for use on the labels?

7)Do the labels indicate quantities to be administered and a suitable measuring device?

8)Do the labels specify the route of administration of a drug?

9)Are abbreviations allowed on the labels or not?

10)Do labels specify all the ingredients in a compound prescription?

  1. HERBS, VITAMINS, MINERALS

1)What are many of the drugs available on the market derived from?

2)Do dietary supplements contain herbs?

3)When can a dietary supplement be removed from the market?

4)Do herbs perform any healing functions in a body?

5)Are there any highly poisonous medicinal plants in the Earth?

6)Why is it very important to regulate the dosage of herbs?

7)Can some herbs interact negatively with other prescribed medications?

8)What herbs do you know?

9)In what forms can the fresh leaves and roots of herbs be used?

10)When will herbs retain their medicinal value for years?

* * *

1)What are vitamins essential for?

2)Into what classes are vitamins classified?

3)Is it necessary to take vitamins every day? Why?

4)When are the body's vitamin requirements increased?

5)What reactions do the vitamins regulate?

6)What function do most water-soluble vitamins have?

7)Do fat-soluble vitamins form a part of the structure of biological membranes?

8)Can a human body manufacture vitamins?

9)Can vitamins be risky in large amounts?

10)What are the side effects of the excessive intake of vitamins?

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1)Why are minerals needed in the body?

2)Into what groups can minerals be divided?

3)Are trace or bulk mineral required in larger amounts?

4)Is there a potential danger of overdosage of minerals?

5)In what forms can both trace and bulk minerals be found?

6)Why is calcium vital in the body?

7)What can happen in a calcium deficiency?

8)What are the sources of calcium?

9)Why is iodine important in the body?

10)What foods are high in iodine?

  1. ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

1)What factors are important in the manufacturing of the drug product?

2)There are drugs for local effect and for the systemic absorption, aren't there?

3)What affects the rate of drug absorption?

4)On what factors does the amount of the dose depend?

5)What are the forms of parenteral drug administration?

6)What routes does enteral drug administration include?

7)What is the most common and the most convenient route of drug administration?

8)In what forms is a drug placed in to the rectum in rectal administration?

9)What types of administration does a respiratory tract administration involve?

10)What are the forms of transdermal administration?

  1. SOLID DOSAGE FORMS: POWDERS, TABLETS, PILLS
  1. What drug forms are considered as solid dosages?
  2. What are the advantages of solid dosages over other types?
  3. How are powdered drugs with unpleasant taste administered?
  4. What do cachets consist of?
  5. What dosage form was very popular before the machine-made compressed tablet?
  6. Are pills rarely prescribed now? How are they produced? What are pills usually coated with?
  7. What does the tablet consist of besides the drug?
  8. What may happen to a tablet, if excessive compression is used in its manufacture? What does insufficient compression result in?

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  1. What is the reason to administer a powder instead of a capsule?
  2. What are the disadvantages of the powders?
  3. How are powders blended?
  4. What 2 kinds of powder do you know?
  5. How are bulk powders packaged? What are they usually intended for?
  6. What are the containers of divided powders?

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  1. What is the most commonly used solid dosage?
  2. What are the advantages of tablets?
  3. How are they manufactured?
  4. What are the ingredients of a tablet?
  5. Why is the coating applied onto the tablet?
  1. LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS: SOLUTIONS, DISPERSIONS, EMULSIONS
  1. How are solutions defined?
  2. What is controlled in the production of solutions?
  3. What 2 major types of solutions exist?
  4. What solvents are usually used?
  5. In what medium are volatile substances solved? What is the name of such solutions?
  6. What are elixirs used for? What taste do they have?
  7. What is a tincture?
  8. What is a fluid extract?
  9. What are two main ways of preparation of solutions?

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  1. Give the definition of a colloidal dispersion.
  2. What is a dispersion phase and what is a dispersion medium?
  3. What is the difference between colloidal dispersions and true solutions?
  4. In what type of solutions particles are ions or small molecules having size less than one nanometer?
  5. What are the terms used instead of the following ones: "solvent-loving" and "solvent-hating"? What terms are used if the solvent is water?
  6. Why are buffer salts added sometimes into colloidal dispersions?

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  1. What is an emulsion? How many phases do emulsions have?
  2. What are the names of the phases?
  3. How can you explain “water-in-oil” emulsion? “Oil-in-water” emusion?
  4. What substances are usually used for each phase?
  5. Why do the 2 phases require emulsifying agent?
  6. How are emulsions prepared?
  7. What substances are added to the emulsions in order to make them stable?
  1. SEMISOLID DOSAGE FORMS; OINTMENTS AND SUPPOSITORIES

1. What is the way of ointment usage?

2. What functions do ointments usually perform?

4. How many types of ointments bases are there?

5. What is the difference between hydrophobic bases and hydrophilic bases?

6. What ingredients do oleaginous bases include?

7. What agents do absorption bases include? Are they insoluble in water?

8. How many classes of ointments are there upon their penetration? What are they?

9. What are the methods of preparation of ointments?

10. What factors are important in packaging ointments?

11. In what kind of containers are they usually sold?

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12. What is a suppository intended for?

13. Do suppositories differ in shape and size? Bring some examples.

14. By what methods are suppositories prepared?

15. What criteria should a suppository base meet?

16. What is the most widely used suppository base?

17. What kind of containers are used for suppositories?

18. What label is usually placed on the container with suppositories and why?

19. How must they be stored?

  1. ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS

1)Is there any drug that is considered completely safe?

2)Into what effects can adverse reactions be divided?

3)What reactions does an idiosyncratic effect include?

4)Why is a delayed nature of many adverse drug reactions very dangerous?

5)How is an adverse drug reaction defined by the World Health Organization?

6)What are the two main types of adverse drug reactions?

7)What type of reactions is responsible for the majority of adverse drug effects?

8)What are the ways to minimize type A reactions?

9)Are type B reactions predictable or dose-dependant?

10)Do all drug interactions cause adverse effects?

  1. MECHANISMS OF DRUG ACTION
  1. How do the drugs influence the functioning of living organisms?
  2. Why don’t the drugs create new activities of the cell?
  3. When is a drug molecule effective?
  4. What does the drug-receptor complex trigger in the cell?
  5. What substances are called “agonists”? “Antagonists”?
  6. What do receptors consist of? Where are they located?
  7. What is the difference between structurally specific and nonspecific drugs?
  8. What is bioavailability?
  9. Where is the drug transported after it enters the bloodstream?
  10. What do absorption, metabolism, utilization and excretion depend on?

14 . BASIC PHARMACOKINETICS

  1. What are the five steps of pharmacokinetics process?
  2. What is the condition of crossing cellular barriers by the molecule of drug?
  3. What drugs: lipid-soluble or non-lipid-soluble are metabolized more rapidly?
  4. How are non-lipid-soluble drugs absorbed?
  5. How are drug distributed in tissues?
  6. What kinds of drugs may accumulate in adipose tissues? In the bones?
  7. In what organ do drugs undergo chemical transformations?
  8. What are the catalyzers of metabolic reactions in the liver?
  9. What is the main route of drug excretion?
  10. What are the other ways of drug excretion?