ANSWER: Candide (Or Candide, Ou Optimisme)

ROUND 4:TOSSUPS

1) This literary work opens in a castle in Westphalia, and concerns the illegitimate nephew of a baron who is ejected from the castle after kissing the baron's daughter, Lady Cunégonde. He faces a series of hardships based on real-world events such as the Seven Year’s War and the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake. As the story progresses, this titular man becomes more and more disillusioned with the teachings of his mentor, Dr.Pangloss. For ten points, name this French Enlightenment-era novella written under the pen-name Voltaire.

ANSWER: Candide (or Candide, ou Optimisme)

2. A missing palimpsest of his writings has recently been translated at the Walters Museum and reveals knowledge of calculus 1800 years before Leibniz and Newton. He createda system of catapults, levers, and pulleys to defend his native city of Syracuse in the 3rd century BC. For 10 points, name this man who is known for discovering an accurate estimate for Pi and for running down the streets yelling ‘Eureka’ (“you-REEK-ah”), after determining the purity of a gold crown from its buoyancy.

ANSWER:Archimedes(“ar-ki-MEED-eez”)

3. At age 67 he wrote the oratorio, The Creation, based on the text of Milton's Paradise Lost. For much of his life he was the court composer for the Hungarian House of Esterházy. He was a friend of Mozart and a teacher of Beethoven. This German composer is called "The Father of the String Quartet." Name this German composer of The Miracle Symphony and The Surprise Symphony.

ANSWER: Joseph Haydn (“HIGH-den”)

4. The Taung Child, one of the early hominid fossils, was found in this country in 1925. Diogo Cao was one of the first explorers to navigate this country, but his contemporary Bartolomeu Dias was the first to reach its southern shores. This country is home to the Drakensberg range and to the Karoodesert. The 1880 war between the British and the two independent Boer Republics in this country was known as the First Boer War.For ten points, namethis African country with capitals at Bloemfontein (“blem-fon-tane”), Pretoria, and Capetown and with largest city in Johannesburg..

ANSWER:Republic ofSouth Africa

5. Simple derivatives of this chemical structure include phenol, toluene, and aniline. This chemical structureis unsaturated, yet undergoes substitution rather than addition reactions. Its stability comes from its extended pi-bonding network and its presence in a compound signifies an aromatic compound. This chemical’s structure supposedly came to the German organic chemist Friedrich Kekulé (“ke-kul-AY”) in a dream of a snake biting its own tail. For 10 points, name this organic compound with formula C6H6.

ANSWER: Benzene

6. In the novel, the protagonist goes to Washington after an argument with her husband, the town doctor. Bea and her son Olaf die of typhoid, and the dramatic club started by the protagonist flops on its first play, The Girl from Kankakee. The protagonist becomes very close to a young man named Erik Valborg. Dr. and Mrs. Will Kennicott live in a town where people gossip for the majority of their time. For ten points, name this novel describing a young woman named Carol Milford in the town of Gopher Prairie, written by Sinclair Lewis.

ANSWER: Main Street

7. This musician rose to fame as a DJ in Los Angeles and is recognized for his pioneering songs in the style of West Coast G-Funk. His earliest recordings were released in an album titled “Concrete Roots.” This musician also produced music and signed on famous rappers such as Snoop Dogg, Eminem and 50 Cent to his former company Death Row Records. He now owns Aftermath Entertainments which released his recent album, Detox. For ten points, name this rapper who is in songs such as “I Need a Doctor” and also endorses Beats audio, produced by Monster.

ANSWER: Andre Romelle Young, or Dr. Dre

8. Thebattle in this war, the Battle of Wörth, was fought between Patrice de Mac-Mahon and Friedrich Wilhelm. This conflict ended with the Treaty of Frankfurt, which resulted in the transfer of Alsace and Lorraine. The final defeat of one of the name-sake countries was a siegeon its capital city. One battle of this war, the Battle of Sedan ended in Napoleon III’s capture and exile. Name this war, whose namesake countries and their allies fought each other from 1870 to 1871.

ANSWER: Franco-Prussian War

9. His artwork was influenced by the pictures of celebrities he collected as a bedridden boy suffering from chorea (“ko-rea”). After an assassination attempt on his life by Valerie Solanas, this man stopped making films and controversial art. He was criticized for mass producing his pop art and believed that “in the future everyone [would] be famous for fifteen minutes.” For 10 points, name this man famous for his depictions of Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, Elizabeth Taylor, Coca Cola bottles, and cans of Campbell’s Soup.

ANSWER: Andy Warhol

10. Magnitogorsk was founded in the 1930s on the southern end of this mountain range as a center for metalworking. These mountains extend from the Kara Sea to the Kazakh steppes. The rivers from these mountains flow into the Caspian Sea or the Arctic Ocean. The location of most of Russia’s mineral mines,for ten points, name this mountain range whose eastern side is usually considered the natural boundary between Europe and Asia.

ANSWER: UralMountains

11. In this work, a man prepares cucumber sandwiches for his aunt but eats them all before she arrives. A tutor for a girl enjoys flirting with Dr. Chasuble. One main character usually pretends to have an unscrupulous brother in the country, and another pretends to have a sick friend named Bunbury. A man is found to be the older brother of his best friend, and Gwendolyn and Cecily are led to believe that their suitors have a name that “inspires absolute confidence”. For 10 points, name this play with protagonists Algernon Moncrieff (“mon-kreef”) and Jack Worthing by Oscar Wilde.

ANSWER: The Importance of Being Earnest

12. The first known fossils of Homo erectus aged at 1.8 million years ago were found on one island in this country in 1891. All orangutans are native to this country. After 350 years of Dutch colonialism, this nation attained independence after World War II under the leadership of Sukarno. This is the world's most populous Muslim nation, and the Javanese are the largest ethnic group.The largest islands of this archipelago include Borneo, Sumatra, and Java. For 10 points, name this Southeast island nation, home of the Java Man, which is an archipelago with capital at Jakarta.

ANSWER:Indonesia

13. Eddington’s 1919 eclipse expedition confirmed this concept by showing how light from a star was bent by the sun. First published in 1916, it explains that gravity is not a force like other forces, but is a consequence of the fact that space-time is not flat, but warped or curved by the distribution of mass and energy in it. Name this theory proposed by Albert Einstein.

ANSWER:General Relativity or Theory of General Relativity (prompt for relativity)

14. The stone on the southeast corner of this square black granite building is probably a meteorite. This building’s four cornerspoint in the cardinal directions and this structure is often surrounded by thousands of worshippers reciting religious verses. This temple is said to have been built by Abraham and Ishmael and is surrounded by the mosque, Masjid al-Haram. For 10 points, name this Muslim holy site and a destination on the Hajj located in Mecca.

ANSWER: Kaaba(“KAH-ba”)

15) Created from various old parts, musket barrels, and a small steam engine, it was named for the first fairy tale published in English in 1621.This famous machine was tested between Baltimore City and Ellicott Mills in 1830, and is housed in the B & O Museum in Baltimore. Designed by Peter Cooper for the B & O, name this first American built steam locomotive used on a railroad.

ANSWER: Tom Thumb(prompt for train or locomotive prior to mention of fairy tale)

16. He designed his house to have two wings connected at an angle similar to the angle between carbon atoms in a benzene molecule. He was the first to describe hybridization of atomic orbitals in a seminal paper in 1932, along with the concept of resonance. Heintroduced the concept of electronegativity and created an eponymous numerical scale for the electronegativity of elements. For 10 points, name the only person to ever have received two unshared Nobel Prizes, one for Chemistry and one for Peace, who was an insistent advocate of large doses of vitamin C for health.

ANSWER: Linus Pauling

17. He was the first civilian Governor-General of the Philippines, but the only elected public position he ever held was the presidency of the US.The last two contiguous states, New Mexico and Arizona were added during his presidency bringing the total to 48. He is known for his Dollar Diplomacy which used the military and State Department to promote US business interests abroad. His invasion of Nicaragua by US Marines in 1912 was an example of this policy. For ten points, name this President who subsequently held the post of Supreme Court Justice, but who received more notoriety a century later for having gotten stuck in a White House bathtub, the 27th president of the US.

ANSWER: William Howard Taft

18. In one of this composer’s most famous works, Prince Siegfried (“seeg-freed”) falls in love with Odette, but is thwarted by the evil sorcerer von Rothbart and his daughter Odile. In another famous work by this composer, the evil fairy Carabosse is furious to learn she has been jilted by not being invited as a godmother at the birth of Princess Aurora. The patronage of his close friend, Nadezhda von Meck allowed this composerto resign from the Moscow Conservatory in 1878. Works by this Russian composer include the opera Eugene Onegin(“oh-NAY-gin”), the ballets Sleeping Beauty,The Nutcracker,andSwan Lake, and the iconic1812 Overture.

ANSWER: Pyotr Ilych Tchaikovsky

19. This singer-songwriter’s rise to fame began as the lead vocalist of the English heavy metal band Black Sabbath. His career has spanned over 40 years, and he sold 100 million albums worldwidewith songssuch as “Crazy Train” and “I Don’t Wanna Stop”.For ten points name this English singer-songwriter known as “The Prince of Darkness” who is famous for expanding his career to a new medium when he became a star in his own reality TV show in the early 2000s along with the rest of his family.

ANSWER: John Ozzy Osbourne

20. In one of this playwright’s famous works, an elderlyindebted man enrolls his son in classes to learn Rhetoric in order to outwit his creditors in court. In the work, this playwright satirizes the teachings of Socrates. In another famous work , this playwright describes how the women of various city statesconspire to stop their husbands from fightingin the Peloponnesian War by withholding sex from them until they agree to negotiate. Name this master of ancient Greek comedy in the theater, with works such as “The Clouds,” “Lysistrata,” “ The Birds,” and “The Frogs.”

ANSWER: Aristophanes

Extra:

21. This capital city built on the Daugava (“DOW-ga-va”)River as it flows into the Baltic Sea was essentially a German city-state from the time of the Knights of the Sword, despite occupations by the Poles, Swedes, and Russians along the way. The city is famous for its art nouveau architecture and its amber. The country of this capital is nestled between Estonia to the north and Lithuania to the south. Name this largest city and the capital of Latvia.

ANSWER: Riga

22.One of his only successful endeavors involves a Biscayan who challenges his honor. Another adventure leads to a bloody victory over the wineskins hanging near his bed. As the Knight of the Mournful Countenance, he rides on his steed Rocinante, righting wrongs in the name of his lady Dulcinea (“dool-see-NAY-ah”)and accompanied by his reluctant squire Sancho Panza.Name this fictional creation of Miguel de Cervantes (“ser-VAN-tays”).

ANSWER: Don Quixote(“kee-HOE-tee”) de la Mancha

BONUS ROUND 4 1: Name these religious books, for ten points each:

a) This holy book was revealed through the angel Gabriel from God.

ANSWER: KoranorQu'ran

b) This is one of the Hindu texts that is used throughout South Asia as a system of medicine and well-being.

ANSWER: Ayurveda or Ajurveda

c) This vast collection of laws, philosophy, history, and traditions is a compilation of the Mishnah from 200AD and further commentary from 500AD.

ANSWER: Talmud or Gemara, or Shas

2: This East African Nation is torn apart by a civil war and has had no central government since 1991. For ten points each:

a) Name the nation whose capital is Mogadishu (“moh-ga-DEE-shoo”).

ANSWER: Somalia

b) This movie directed by Ridley Scott about American forces in Mogadishu won several Academy Awards.

ANSWER: Black Hawk Down

c) In the movie, two snipers belonging to this elite special operations force in the Army were killed while defending a soldier named Mike Durant

ANSWER: Delta Force

3: For ten points each, name these actors who have worked with Christopher Nolan.

a) This man first starred in Steven Spielberg’s Empire of the Sun. With Nolan, he later played the magician, Alfred Borden, in The Prestige and the main character in the Batman film series.

ANSWER: Christian Bale

b) He played the role of Tom Hansen in the indie rom-com drama 500 Days of Summer and Tommy Solomon in 3rd Rock from the Sun, and has most recently played Arthur in Nolan’s Inception.

ANSWER: Joseph Gordon-Levitt

c) Before playing Walter Finch in Nolan’s 2002 film Insomnia, this man acted as a divorced man dressing as a nanny to see his children in Mrs. Doubtfire, and as a professor who develops a green rubbery slime.

ANSWER: Robin Williams

4: This conflict involved Florence Nightingale:

a) Name the war in which the British, Russian, French, and Sardinian forces fought for influence over the territories of the weakening Ottoman Empire.

ANSWER: Crimean War

b) He wrote The Charge of the Light Brigade which memorialized the ill-fated attack by Lord Cardigan.

ANSWER: Lord Tennyson (Alfred Tennyson)

b) The Charge of the Light Brigade occurred at this battle.

ANSWER: Battle of Balaclava

5: For 10 points each, answer these questions about chemistry:

a) What is the name of a charged species composed of two or more atoms covalently bonded or of a metal complex that can be considered as acting as a single unit in the context of acid and base or in the formation of salts?

ANSWER: Polyatomic ion or molecular ion

b) What is the formula, including charge, for the polyatomic ion cyanide?

ANSWER: CN -1 (“CN minus 1”)

c) Cyanide was used during World War I by Japanese physicians to treat this mycobacterial disease that affects the skin, nerves, eyes, and nose, but treated with Dapsone today.

ANSWER: Leprosy

6:For ten points each, answer these questions about this explorer:

a) Description of the World, nicknamed, Il Milione(“EEL mee-lee-OH-nay”), was written by Rustichello da Pisa based on stories told by this man.

ANSWER: Marco Polo

b) This Grandson of Genghis Khan was the ruler of China when Marco Polo visited it.

ANSWER: Kublai Khan

c) When Marco Polo returned to Venice, Venice was at war with this city nation.

ANSWER: Genoa

7: For 10 points each, answer these questions regarding baseball:

a) After advancing to the World Series five times in the 1990s, which team won the World Series in 1995, with MVP Tom Glavine.

ANSWER: Atlanta Braves

b) Which famous Atlanta Braves player broke Babe Ruth’s Homerun record, after hitting his 715th career homerun in 1974?

ANSWER: HankAaron

c) Which American media mogul lends his name to the Atlanta Braves home field, after he bought the Braves to provide programming WTBS, more commonly known as TBS?

ANSWER: Ted Turner

8: For ten points, name this Queen of the underworld.

a) This mythological figure, daughter of Zeus, is the sister of Iacchus and is most famous for her abduction from a meadow in Eleusius (“el-YOU-sis”) by Hades.

ANSWER: Persephone (“per-SEF-oh-nee”)or (Kore)

b) This mother of Persephone is also the Greek goddess of agriculture.

ANSWER: Demeter

c) The myth of Persephone’s abduction includes her eating this fruit, obliging her to stay in the underworld for half of the year.

ANSWER: Pomegranate

9: The fastest time swimming across it is almost 6 hours 57 minutes by Peter Stoychev. a) This body of water separates Great Britain from France.

ANSWER: English Channel