Andrew,steve, and justin

1.What election included corrupt bargain and candidates Clay, Crawford, Adams, and Jackson.

2. Describe briefly the Amistad case of 1841

3. State two political goals of Andrew Jackson

4. What contributed to the Panic of 1837

5. Why did Andrew Jackson sign the force bill and a bill to reduce tariffs in 1833.

rebecca hunter, lukas dempsey, alanna roth questions

. What spurred the Revolution of 1848?

2. What were the rules behind the Inheritance laws?

3. Where did the Irish settle when they came to America?

4. How were the living conditions in the tenements?

5. Why did the Irish come to America?

1. What court case did John Ross participate in, and what was the outcome of the case?

2. Mexico's independence opened what trail to American settlers?

3. Who stereotypically settled in California during the Gold Rush?

4. What did the Indian Removal Act say about Native American's rights?

5. In what year did John Sutter discover gold in California?

-Julie, Antonio and Lucy

"Move West, Young Man"

City Mouse: Antebellum—Fiona, Laura, Doreen, Catherine

Urbanization

  • Impact of economic growth most dramatic in cities
  • 1820- 9% of population live in cities
  • Commercial centers, mill towns, and transportation hubs  main forms of cities
  • Lack of water power limited industrial development
  • Commercial seaports (ex: Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore) grew rapidly& developed diversified manufacturing
  • EerieCanal expands Western trade to North East
  • Access to water power mill towns develop along waterfalls& rapids  power to run mills (ex: Lowell, Trenton, Wilmington)
  • American industry (textiles especially) expanded
  • Between 1820-1840 ¼ of urban population increase occurred west of Appalachians
  • Transportation hubs: (ex: Louisville, Cleveland, St. Louis) gave transportation services and were distribution centers
  • Northern city expansion

Class Structure

Lower Class

  • Urban dwellers grow, needs generate economic growth
  • City dwellers didn’t have gardens/animals  must purchase food  farmers turn to commercial farming due to increased demand
  • Growing market for other products (shoes, clothing, furniture, carriages), iron industry growth
  • 20% of those living in North East are immigrants& take up more than half of city populations
  • City governments provided few services to poor (clean water, trash removal, housing & public transportation)  bad health and epidemics
  • Rise in concentration of wealth most extreme in cities  huge gap between rich and poor (working class)  hardened class lines & social tension  labor protests
  • Rented bad houses  difficult to create close neighborhoods

Middle Class

  • New middle working class being formed
  • Former artisans & skilled workers took advantage of new opportunities (ex: 10-15% of Philadelphians able to improve occupations& places of residence)
  • Middle class = non-manual job  skill over power
  • As new opportunities arose  decrease in job mobility
  • Housing patterns reflect social + economic divisions
  • Members of new middle class profited from dramatic increase in wealth
  • Lived in nice houses  enjoyed privacy & comfort
  • Follow proper etiquette  new expectations of roles of men& women
  • Improved products, transportation, rise of factory production& large businesses  improve family economy
  • Falling prices for manufactured goods  unnecessary for women to make items at home
  • Decrease in women & children’s contributions to family welfare
  • 1820- specified roles for different sexes emerge: men in public, women in domestic; men have financial support, women work at home

Public Health

  • Rapid urbanization and the crowded conditions of cities led to serious health problems and epidemics.
  • Spread by contact and insect vectors (tuberculosis, typhus)
  • Contaminated water supplies (typhoid fever)
  • Death rates of urban dwellers much higher than rural residents
  • Immigrants began arriving in 1830 to cities that were unprepared to accommodate the huge numbers
  • Housing conditions deteriorated
  • Sanitary conditions dwindled
  • The disposal of human and animal wastes arousing huge concerns
  • No indoor plumbing
  • Antebellum boards of health were more concerned with preventing harm to city commerce than protecting the people
  • 1832- cholera invaded American cities
  • The deadly disease spread rapidly without known modes of transmission
  • Eventually found that it was spread by water contaminated with feces
  • The disease problems grew in proportion to population increase
  • Urban fires also a huge problem
  • As buildings were constructed in densely packed areas, fires could spread more rapidly
  • In reaction to these growing problems, public fire- fighting and police forces were hired
  • Invested in new water systems

Immigration

  • 1830s and 1840s huge rise in immigration rates from Europe into American cities
  • Boston and NYC heavily Irish by 1860
  • Ethnic changes stirred new tensions among urban dwellers
  • Anti-immigration riots broke out periodically in Boston and Philadelphia
  • 1850- The American Party supported only native born American for public office

Transportation

  • As cities expanded, horse drawn coaches began appearing
  • 1850s- the streetcar is invented
  • These advances enabled growth and expansion of suburban housing
  • The railroad became the most important mode of transportation

Steam Engine Timeline

Mia Wilson, Sara Treumann, David Liggera

Early First Century- Heron of Alexandria was an early mathematician who described the first recorded use of steam power.

July 2, 1698-Savery patented an early steam engine

1705 - Newcomen associated with another English inventor, John Calley, and succeeded in the creation of an engine. He and his assistant experimented for about ten years with a steam pump.

1769- The very first self-propelled road vehicle was a military tractor invented by French engineer and mechanic, Nicolas Joseph Cugnot (1725 - 1804). Cugnot used a steam engine to power his vehicle.

1769 and 1784- James Watt made improvements to the steam engine and converted this machine of limited use, to one of efficiency and many applications. It was the foremost energy source in the emerging Industrial Revolution, and greatly multiplied its productive capacity. In 1769, he covered this device and other improvements on Newcomen's engine, such as steam-jacketing, oil lubrication, and insulation of the cylinder in order to maintain the high temperatures necessary for maximum efficiency.

1763: Watt repaired a Newcomen steam engine, started him thinking about ways to improve the engine.
1767: Watt invented an attachment that adapted telescopes for use in measurement of distances
1769: Watt patented separate condensing chamber for steam engine.
1774: Watt started a business with Matthew Boulton to manufacture his improved Watt steam engine.
1781: Watt converted reciprocal engine motion to rotary motion.

1782: Watt invented double-acting engine.
1784: Watt patented a steam locomotive.

1785- Bramah patented the hydraulic press, which was an important workshop machine that made it possible to magnify pressure smoothly and steadily from comparatively slight impulses.
1788: Watt adapted centrifugal governor for use on the steam engine.

1788 - Patrick Miller and William Symingtonbuilt a steamboat which was stimulated by two cylinders.

9 May 1795- Joseph Bramah, of Piccadilly patented the application of a paddlewheel [a short, flat-bladed oar] to the stem of a vessel, driven by a steam engine.

1796- Richard Trevithick produced a steam locomotive.

1797 – Bramah’s pump [by which beer or other liquors can be raised from casks in a cellar to the counter to where it was served] was patented. His rotary motion pump was adapted for use in fire engines.

1801- A boat was built to Symington's design and was named the Charlotte Dundas.

1803- With the financial assistance of Chancellor Livingston, Fulton was able to launch a steamboat on the Seine, but it immediately sank. Another boat was built later on, but did not reach any great speed.

August 11, 1807- 1807, Robert Fulton introduced the first steamship to provide regular passenger service to the people of America. He named it the Clermont. The Clermont made a 150 mile trip from New York City to Albany in 32 hours at an average speed of 5 miles per hour. (Used the engine built by Watt and Boulton).

1825- Steam locomotives were no longer used just for moving goods.

18 June 1831- The Best Friend of Charleston [steam-powered railroad locomotive] exploded.

Letter from Chancellor Livingston:

"I had before read of your very ingenious proposition as to railway communication. I fear, however, on mature reflection, that they will be liable to serious objections, and ultimately prove more expensive than a canal. They must be double, so as to prevent the danger of two such heavy bodies meeting. The wall on which they are placed must be at least four feet below the surface, to avoid frost, and three feet above, to avoid snow, and must be clasped with iron, and even then would hardly sustain so heavy a weight as you propose moving at the rate of four miles an hour on wheels. As to wood, it would not last a week. They must be covered with iron, and that, too, very thick and strong. The means of stopping these heavy carriages without a great shock, and of preventing them from running on each other for there would be many running on the road at once would be very difficult. In case of accidental stops or necessary stays to take wood or water, etc., many accidents would happen. The carriage of condensing water would be very troublesome. Upon the whole, I fear the expense would be much greater than that of canals, without being so convenient."

Steam Power 5 Question Quiz

1. What was the purpose of Robert Fulton’s steamship?

- The “Clermont” provided regular passenger service to the people of America. [The “Clermont” made a 150 mile trip from New York City to Albany in 32 hours at an average speed of 5 miles per hour.]

2. What were the uses of steam engines in agriculture?

- They were used to run machines that threshed wheat and other small grains, ran saw mills, and plowed. They were also used in machines that shelled corn, provided heat, cut silage, steamed tobacco, pulled stumps, and removed boulders.

3. How did the utilization of steam power affect industry?

- It increased production and was able to power the machines that prompted the industrial revolution.

4. Describe the aeoliphile.

-It was a metal ball with steam issuing from nozzles at the ends of the two small opposing arms on the sphere causing it to rotate.

  1. Who was Colonel Stevens of Hoboken?

- The Father of American railways. Proposed railway system as cheaper and faster than canals.