A Devonian Tetrapod-Like Fish and the Evolution of the Tetrapod Body Plan
Supplementary Information
“A Devonian Tetrapod-like Fish and the Evolution of the Tetrapod Body Plan”
Character List and Data Matrix
All characters unordered
1)Parasymphysial plate: 0 – long, sutured to coronoid, denticulated or with tooth row; 1 – short, not sutured to coronoid, denticulated; 2 – carrying tooth whorl
2)Anterior end of prearticular: 0 – not forked; 1 – forked
3)Prearticular and angular: 0 – separated by ventral exposure of Meckelian bone; 1 – in contact
4)Prearticular: 0 – rear part with conspicuous horizontal ledge; 1 – rear part flat
5)Number of coronoids: 0 – more than three; 1 – three
6)Coronoid proportions: 0 – posterior coronoid same length as middle coronoid, or shorter; 1 – posterior coronoid significantly longer than middle coronoid
7)Dentary tooth row reaches symphysis: 0 – yes; 1 – no
8)Dentary fang pair: 0 – absent; 1 – present
9)Number of fang pairs on posteriormost coronoid: 0 – one; 1 – two; 2 – none
10)Tooth folding: 0 – none; 1 – generalized polyplocodont; 2 – labyrinthodont; 3 – dendrodont
11)Infradentary foramina: 0 – always present; 1 – variable; 2 – always absent
12)Number of fang pairs on ectopterygoid: 0 – one; 1 – two; 2 – none
13)Proportions of entopterygoid: 0 – anterior end level with processus ascendens; 1 – anterior end considerably anterior to processus ascendens
14)Entopterygoids meeting in midline: 0 – no; 1 – yes
15)Posterior process of vomers: 0 – absent; 1 – short; 2 – long
16)Anteromedial process of vomer: 0 – absent, vomers separated; 1 – present; 2 – absent, vomers in close contact
17)Vomer proportions: 0 – not much broader than long; 1 – much broader than long
18)Relationship of vomer to parasphenoid: 0 – no contact, or simple abutment; 1 – overlap; 2 – intimate suture with lateral edge of parasphenoid
19)Internasal pits: 0 – undifferentiated; 1 – strong midline ridge but shallow pits; 2 – deep pear – shaped pits
20)Posterior end of parasphenoid: 0 – denticulated field extends into spiracular groove; 1 – denticulated field does not extend into spiracular groove
21)Enlarged anterior tooth on premaxilla: 0 – absent; 1 – present
22)Choana: 0 – absent; 1 – present
23)Orientation of anterior tectal and lateral rostral relative to external nostril: 0 – dorsal/ventral; 1 – posterior/anterior
24)Width of ethmoid relative to length from snout tip to posterior margin of parietals: 0 – more than 80%; 1 – 70 – 80%; 2 – 50 – 70%; 3 – less than 40%
25)Extent of crista parotica: 0 – does not reach posterior margin of tabular; 1 – reaches posterior margin of tabular
26)Cosmine: 0 – present 1 – absent
27)Pineal foramen: 0 – present; 1 – absent
28)Location of pineal foramen/eminence: 0 – level with posterior margin of orbits; 1 – well posterior of orbits
29)Parietals surround pineal foramen/eminence: 0 – yes; 1 – no
30)Shape of pineal series: 0 – round or oval; 1 – kite shaped with distinct posterior corner
31)Proportions of postparietal shield: 0 – not extremely wide posteriorly; 1 – extremely wide posteriorly
32)Postparietals narrow to a point posteriorly: 0 – no; 1 – yes
33)Posterior margin of tabulars: 0 – anterior to posterior margin of postparietals; 1 – level with posterior margin of postparietals
34)Median postrostral: 0 – absent (postrostral mosaic); 1 – present; 2 – absent (nasals meet in midline)
35)Number of nasals: 0 – many; 1 – one or two
36)Frontals: 0 – absent; 1 – present
37)Extratemporal: 0 – present; 1 – absent
38)Contact between extratemporal and supratemporal: 0 – absent; 1 – present
39)Supratemporal series: 0 – complete; 1 – tabular only
40)Postspiracular: 0 – absent; 1 – present
41)Posterodorsal process of maxilla: 0 – present; 1 – very weak or absent
42)Jugal – quadratojugal contact: 0 – absent; 1 – present
43)Relationship of jugal to orbit: 0 – contributes to orbital margin; 1 – excluded from orbital margin
44)Contact between posterior supraorbital and lacrimal: 0 – absent; 1 – present
45)Position of orbits: 0 – lateral and widely spaced; 1 – dorsal and close together
46)Preoperculosubmandibular: 0 – absent; 1 – present
47)Subsquamosals: 0 – absent; 1 – present
48)Extrascapular overlap: 0 – median overlaps laterals; 1 – laterals overlap median
49)Anterior margin of median extrascapular: 0 – long; 1 – very short
50)Dermal intracranial joint: 0 – absent; 1 – present
51)Endoskeletal intracranial joint: 0 – absent; 1 – present
52)Basicranial fenestra: 0 – absent; 1 – present
53)Contact margin for clavicle on cleithrum: 0 – straight or faintly convex; 1 – strongly concave
54)Anocleithrum: 0 – exposed; 1 – subdermal
55)Archipterygial pectoral fin: 0 – no; 1 – yes
56)Body of humerus: 0 – cylindrical; 1 – flattened rectangular
57)Radials: 0 – jointed; 1 – unjointed
58)Dorsal and anal fins: 0 – present; 1 – absent
59)Caudal fin: 0 – heterocercal; 1 – diphycercal
60)Basal scutes: 0 – absent; 1 – present
61)Scale morphology: 0 – rhomboid with internal ridge; 1 –round
62) Mesial lamina of splenial: 0 – absent; 1 – present
63)Suture between anterior coronoid and splenial; 0 – absent; 1 – present
64)Accessory tooth rows on dentary: 0 – present; 1 – absent
65)Meckelian exposure in precoronoid fossa: 0 – present; 1 – absent
66)Lateral parasymphysial foramen: 0 – absent; 1 – present
67)Mesial parasymphysial foramen: 0 – absent; 1 – present
68)Anterior end of anterior coronoid: 0 – toothless; 1 – toothed
69)Dermal ornament: 0 – even; 1 – separate “starburst” on each bone
70)Coronoid fangs larger than marginal teeth: 0 – yes; 1 – no
71)Coronoid fangs mesial to marginal tooth row: 0 – yes; 1 – no
72)Palatal fangs mesial to marginal tooth row: 0 – yes; 1 – no
73) Subterminal mouth: 0 – absent; 1 – present
74)Intertemporal bones: 0 – present; 1 – absent
75)Proportion of skull roof (measured as length from tip of snout to posterior margin of postparietals) lying anterior to middle of orbits: 0 – <50%; 1 – 50%; 2 – >50%
76)Relative size of prefrontal and postfrontal: 0 – similar; 1 – prefrontal much bigger
77)Extrascapular bones: 0 – present; 1 – absent
78)Jugal extends anterior to middle of orbit: 0 – no; 1 – yes
79)Lacrimal excluded from orbit: 0 – no; 1 – yes
80)Submandibulars and gulars: 0 – present; 1 – absent
81)Large median gular: 0 – absent; 1 – present
82)Scapulocoracoid: 0 – small, tripodal; 1 – large, C – shaped; 2 – very large, triangular
83)Interclavicle: 0 – small, unornamented; 1 – large, ornamented
84)Contact between postorbital and lacrimal: 0 – absent; 1 – present
85)Contact between postfrontal and supratemporal: 0 – no; 1 – yes
86)Postfrontals extend anterior of orbits: 0 – yes; 1 – no
87)Spiracular notch: 0 – absent; 1 – small opening; 2 – narrow groove; 3 – wide notch
88)Preopercular: 0 – large; 1 – small
89)Transverse joint at the level of the ulnare, intermedium and radius: 0 – absent; 1 – present
90)Articulations for more than two radials on ulnare: 0 – absent; 1 – present
91)Postaxial process on ulnare: 0 – present; 1 – absent
92)Lepidotrichia: 0 – present and jointed in region that overlaps endochondral elements; 1 – present and unjointed in region that overlaps endochondral elements; 2 – absent
93)Branched radials distal to the ulnare: 0 – absent; 1 – present
94)Shape of radius: 0 – bladelike; 1 – subcylindrical
95)Olecranon process on ulna: 0 – absent; 1 – present
96)Anterior termination of ventral ridge: 0 – adjacent to the caput humeri; 1 – offset distally toward the proximodistal mid – region of anterior margin of humerus
97)Ventral ridge orientation: 0 – diagonal to long axis of the humerus; 1 – perpendicular to long axis of humerus
98)Radial facet: 0 – faces distally; 1 – has some ventrally directed component
99)Ulnar facet: 0 – faces distally; 1 – has some ventrally directed component
100)Ectepicondylar process: 0 – terminates proximal to epipodial facets; 1 – extends distal to epipodial facets
101)Radial length: 0 – longer than humerus; 1 – shorter than humerus
102)Area proximal to radial facet: 0 – short, cylindrical leading edge, with no muscle scars; 1 – enlarged, sharp leading edge, with areas for muscle attachments
103)Coracoid plate: 0 – absent; 1 – present and extends ventromedially
104)Glenoid position: 0 – elevated from plane formed by clavicles; 1 – offset ventrally to lie at same level as clavicular plane
105)Orientation of cleithrum: 0 – vertically oriented: tilted less than 10 degrees caudally; 1 – angulated: tilted over 10 degrees caudally
106)Cleithral ornamentation: 0 – present; 1 – absent
107)Anocleithral ornamentation: 0 – present; 1 – absent
108)Attachment of scapulocoracoid to cleithrum: 0 – tripodal, via three processes; 1 – via a single dorsal process of scapulocoracoid that lies flush against internal surface of cleithrum; 2 – complete fusion between surfaces of the scapula and cleithrum.
109)Subscapular fossa: 0 – absent, 1 – present
110)Glenoid orientation: 0 – posterior and/or ventral orientation; 1 – lateral component to glenoid orientation
111)Opercular: 0 – present; 1 – absent
112)Caput humeri: 0 – ball shaped; 1 – elongate (bifid or strap – shaped)
113)Expanded ribs: 0 – absent; 1 – present
114)Imbricate ribs: 0 – absent; 1 – present
Characters #1 – #61 from Ahlberg, P.E. & Johanson, Z. Osteolepiforms and the ancestry of tetrapods. Nature395, 792-794 (1998).
Characters #62 – #83 from Ahlberg, P. E., Luksevics, E. & Mark-Kurik, E. A near tetrapod from the Baltic Middle Devonian. Palaeontology43, 533-548 (2000).
1 11111 11112 22222 22223 33333 33334 44444 44445
Taxon 12345 67890 12345 67890 12345 67890 12345 67890 12345 67890
------
Glyptolepis 20001 01003 10000 00020 00?01 11010 10000 00010 10000 11001
Megalichthys 000?0 00101 20000 11001 1110? 01??1 00010 00000 00000 00101
Eusthenopteron ?0000 10011 21102 20101 01031 10000 00110 01?01 00000 00101
Gooloogongia 1???? ?01?? 2???? ????? 0100? 10100 01001 00100 000?0 00111
Panderichthys 01110 10102 20?01 20101 01030 10100 00100 11?00 1?001 00100
Acanthostega 11110 10122 22110 20001 0102? 10000 ?0?21 11?00 11001 00??0
Ichthyostega 11110 10122 22110 20001 0102? 10000 ?0?21 11?00 11001 00??0
Elpistostege ????? ????? ????? ????? ??03? 10?0? 00100 11?00 ??001 0???0
Tiktaalik 00??? 10122 20101 2000? 0103? 1000? 0010? 11?00 11001 00??0
1
55555 55556 66666 66667 77777 77778 88888 88889 99999 99990
Taxon 12345 67890 12345 67890 12345 67890 12345 67890 12345 67890
------
Glyptolepis 11011 00000 10000 00000 000?0 ?0000 00000 00000 ?00?? ?????
Megalichthys 11000 01001 00000 00000 ??000 ?0000 00000 01000 ?00?? 00000
Eusthenopteron 11100 01011 20000 00000 00000 00000 00000 01000 00000 00000
Gooloogongia 1??10 ??000 20000 00000 ??000 ?0100 0?000 000?1 11?00 ?????
Panderichthys 11100 11110 00000 00000 00100 00000 11000 02?10 11000 00000
Acanthostega 00??0 10110 01111 01111 ?1012 11111 ?2100 131?? ?2010 11001
Ichthyostega 00??0 10110 ?1111 01011 ?1011 11111 ?2100 131?? ?2011 11111
Elpistostege ????? ????? ????? ???0? ??111 1?100 1??10 0???? ????? ?????
Tiktaalik ??100 101?0 00000 00000 0?112 111?0 11?11 13111 1110000101
11111 11111 1111
00000 00001 1111
Taxon 12345 67890 1234
------
Glyptolepis??000 01000 0?00
Megalichthys 00000 00000 0000
Eusthenopteron 00000 00000 0000
Gooloogongia??0?0 00??? 0?00
Panderichthys 11111 00111 0110
Acanthostega 11111 11211 1110
Ichthyostega 11100 11211 1111
Elpistostege????? ????? ????
Tiktaalik 11111 00111 1111
1