Lecture Outlines for East 317

LECTURE OUTLINES FOR EAST 201

UNIT ONE>

REASONS FOR TAKING THIS COURSE

1. Career opportunities, economic influence

2. Other practical values, e.g., health.

3. Understand one's heritage

4. Personal relations

5. Personal development

6. Alternatives to values prevalent in the West

6.1 Success of East Asia: long history, large population.

6.2Dealing with diminishing resources

6.3Problems amid material plenty

CHARACTERISTICS OF EAST ASIA

1. Economic strength

1.1 Pre-1800

1.2 Present day

a. Gross national income (GNI) per capita taking into account purchasing power parity (ppp) (source World Bank)

b. Life expectancy (2011 estimated, source CIA Factbook)

2. Cultural traits that contribute to economic strength

2.1 Relevance

2.2 Confucian values

2.3 Emphasis on education

2.4 Group cohesion

2.5 Respect for hierarchal structure

2.6 Importance of the family

3. Common economic beginnings

4. Kinship system

4.1Patrilocal

4.2 Patrilineal

5. Early borrowings from China.

6. Physical features

UNIT TWO>

HUMAN ENVIRONMENT, RECENT HISTORY,

LANGUAGE, CONFUCIAN THOUGHT

HUMAN ENVIRONMENT

1. Population: 1.35 billion (2011)

2. Significant regions

2.1 Economic

a. Central plains:

b. South-east coast: sites of economic change; e.g., Shenzhen, Shanghai.

c. Heilongjiang

2.2 Political

a. Beijing

b. Taiwan

c. Tibet

d. Xinjiang

3. Fresh Water

RECENT HISTORY

1. Republican Era (1911-1949)

a. country loosely united after defeat of Qing dynasty under the KMT.

b. formed elected government with president as head of country.

c. foreign countries continued to occupy parts of China.

d. Japanese invaded in 1937.

e. Chinese Communist Party formed in 1921.

f. Communist Revolution 1949.

g. KMT forces under Chiang Kai-shek retreat to Taiwan.

2. People's Republic of China (1949-present)

2.1 Great Leap Forward (1958-59)

2.2 Cultural Revolution (1966-76--China's ten lost years)

2.3 Economic Reform (1978-)

2.4 Tiananmen Incident (June 4, 1989)

2.5. Return of Hong Kong 1997

2.6 Return of Macao 1999

2.7 President Xi Jinping

LANGUAGE

1. Spoken language

1.1 Mandarin Chinese (putonghua or guoyu)

1.2 Dialects

1.3 A basic unit of meaning (i.e., word) only one-syllable pronunciation

1.4 Use of 4 tones

2. Diversity reflected in many dialects

3. Written Language

3.1Characters: ideographs

a. sun:

b. book (nowadays volume, ce):

3.2 214 radicals

3.3Embedded phonetic, link to the spoken language

3.4 Why a visually orientated, instead of aurally, orientated language?

3.4.1 Overcome differences in dialects across China

3.4.2. Help preserve tradition through differences in pronunciation

3.5 Simplified characters: 2235

CONFUCIAN THOUGHT

1. Why study China before Japan and Korea

2. Importance of Confucian thought in China

3. Contemporary influences under the Chinese Communist Party

Changing values in China as indicated in To See Ourselves: Comparing Traditional Chinese and American Cultural Values (Zhongdang Pan et al.)

Acceptance of Confucian Values in Four Countries (in percentages)

ChinaTaiwanKoreaU.S.A.

Way of the

Golden Mean 56958n.a.

Generosity and virtues59899292

Harmony is precious49899724

Tolerance, propriety,

deference47838894

Submission to authority53838056

Pleasing superiors726859

Discretion for

self-preservation84492n.a.

4. Rise in social deviance

5. State sponsored Confucian revival

6. Popular acceptance

7. Academic revival of Confucian thinking

8. Preservation of traditional values outside China

UNIT THREE

SOCIAL ORDER IN CHINA:

CEREMONY, EDUCATION SYSTEM, AND STATUS OF WOMEN

SOCIAL ORDER

1. Definition of "social order"

1.1 Different from the formal workings and structures of society

1.2 Informal workings of society: conventions, traditions, and organizations

1.3 In China social order is a much stronger force than in the West

a. Need for social order

b. More effective than a legal system

IMPORTANCE OF CEREMONY

1.Importance in China

2. Religious dimension

EDUCATION SYSTEM

1. Tradition

1.1 Medium for effecting social order

1.2 Means of developing one's moral nature

1.3 One's status increased

1.4 Opportunities for social mobility

1.5 Utilized memorization

2. Education since 1949

2.1 Accomplishments

2.1.1Literacy rate

2.1.2University graduates

2.1.3Number of post-secondary institutions

2.2 Challenges

2.2.1 Lack of government support

2.2.2. Urban-rural divide

2.2.3 Exam industry

2.2.4 Push to study abroad

2.2.5 Pull to country of destination

STATUS OF WOMEN

1. Pre-modern

1.1 Shift in Song (960-1279)

1.2 Footbinding

2. Present-day status of women

2.1Positive aspects of present-day status of women

2.1.1Difference in selfperception

2.1.2 Reasons

a. education.

b. awareness of higher status of women in other cultures.

c. need to utilize women's talents outside home

d. market system

e. Communism-egalitarian ideals.

e.1 Marriage Law (1950)

e.2 Land Reform (1950)

e.3 Gainful employment

2.1Negative aspects of present-day status of women: sex ratios

3. Some positive qualities of traditional Chinese femininity

3.1. General promotion of caring and nurturing.

3.2 Gender roles are supposed to be complementary, not competitive.

3.3Women do not seek their self-worth in recognition from the opposite sex.

UNIT FOUR>

POLITICAL ORDER IN PRESENT DAY CHINA:

SUCCESS OF COMMUNIST REVOLUTION, PRESENT DAY PROBLEMS AND IMPROVEMENTS, AND FOREIGN RELATIONS

1. Reasons for Success of Communist Revolution in China

1.1 The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) founded in 1921

1.2 Reasons for lack of support for Nationalist Party’s (KMT)

a. Reliance on military not on popular movement.

b. Unpopular policies

b.1 Reliance on original bureaucrats

b.2 Western models unsuitable for China's agricultural problems

1.3 Reasons for support of CCP

a. Success in politicizing during Japanese occupation

b. Japanese propaganda

2. Problems in the present political system

2.1 Corruption

2.2 Gridlock

2.3 Lack of human rights

2.4 Detrimental involvement in foreign affairs

3. Improvements on Human Rights

3.1 Economic

a. Emphasizes people's welfare

b. Example of Russia

c. Popular support

3.2 Greater freedom to choose residential location

3.3 Elections

3.4 Non-governmental organizations (NG0s)

3.5 Stronger media

3.6 Legal challenges

4. China’s Foreign Relations

4.1 Stay-at-home culture

4.2 Avoidance of foreign wars

4.3 Compromise in territorial disputes

4.4. Africa

-Chinese involvement in Africa’s development is different from the West’s:

a. based on principle of mutual benefit

b. Non-interference

c. China’s experience as developing country

d. Chinese assistance is considerably simpler and has changed far less often.

4.5 Military’s soft power

4.6 Contributions to EU

5. Defense spending

THE CHINESE ECONOMY

1. Economic Reform (1978)

1.1 Pre-reform

1.2 Post reform

2. Results

2.1 Domestic

2.1.1 Decrease in poverty

2.1.2 Increasing vehicle sales and expressways

a. Sales

b. Highways

2.1.3 Increased foreign exchange reserves

2.1.4 Stable transition

2.1.5 Knowledge transfer

2.2 International

2.2.1 Engagement in world markets

2.2.2 Rising prices for commodities

3. Emerging trends

3.1 Chinese Foreign Investment

3.2 Continuing growth

3.3 Shift to domestic consumption

3.4. Greater use of the Renminbi (Rmb) as an international currency

a. Trade settlements

b. Issuance of Renminbi (Rmb)

c. Offshore deposit accounts

3.5 Clean Energy

4. Major Problems Associated with Economic Reform

4.1 Air Pollution

a. Polluted cities

b. Indirect death toll

c. Burning of coal

d. World ranking

4.2 Water pollution

4.3 Other pollution costs

a. GDP

b. Other countries

4.4 Local debt

4.5 Income disparity: Gini Coefficient

4.6 High health costs

4.7 High savings and low consumption

CHINESE CULTURAL INFLUENCE ABROAD: CHINESE CANADIANS

1. Early arrival, 1854-84

2. Restricted entry into Canada, 1885-1947

3. Improving status within Canada, 1947-present

3.1 Reasons for improvement in status

a. Broader progressive movements

b. Chinese Canadian war effort

c. Population increase

d. Higher education

e. Business immigrants

f. Links to Asia

3.2 Examples of improved status

a. Growth of Chinese Canadian middle-class

b. Commercial property development

c. Media

THE STATE OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE IN CANADA

1. Integration into the Canadian mainstream

1.1 Popular

1.2 Institutionalization

1.2.1 Large Medical Institutions

1.2.2 Wide-spread commercialization

1.2.3 Health Insurance

1.2.4 Regulation

1.2.5 Self-Governing and Teaching Institutions

2. Chinese Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine

2.1 Consolidation of Practices

2.2 Domestic Use

2.3 Internationalization

2.4 Export

3. Benefits

3.1 Effective

3.2 Preventative

3.3 Economical

3.4 Enhancement When Combined with Western Conventional Medicine and New Technology

<UNIT SEVEN

JAPAN

PHYSICAL SETTING, PEOPLE, LANGUAGE, RECENT HISTORY

PHYSICAL SETTING

1. Geographical features

a. Archipelago

b. Main cities: Tokyo, Osaka, Kyoto

c. Distance to mainland

2. Climate

a. Temperature

b. Precipitation

3. Resources

a. Sea rich

b. Managed forests

c. Trade

4. Population

a. Stagnant

b. Farming

c. Aging population

NATURE OF JAPANESE PEOPLE

1. Psychology

a. Strong sense of self-identity

b. Experiential, non-intellectual

2. Skill at learning and adapting foreign influence while not losing their own cultural

identity.

LANGUAGE

1. Difficulty

1.1 Three written forms: Kana (Hiragana and Katakana) and Kanji
1.2 Inflection

1.3 Honorifics: keigo,

2. Written Language:

2.1. Kana (phonetic script)

2.1.1 Hiragana

2.1.2 Katakana

2.2 Kanji: Chinese characters

3. Inflection

3.1 Inflectional forms on verbs and adjectives

3.1.1 verb

3.1.2 adjectives

3.2 Use of inflection and phrase endings

4. Honorifics

RECENT HISTORY

1. 1868- events leading to WW II, the War and its aftermath

a. U.S. incursion

b. Meiji (1868): attempts to establish equal standing with Western nations

c. Turn to military action.

d. Invasion of China in 1937

e. Atomic bombs

f. Questionable Allied actions

2. Japan's inability to make amends for actions during the war

2.1 Resulting relations in East Asia

2.2 Japan's apologies

2.3 Lack of reparations

2.4 Textbooks

2.5 Provocative statements and actions

2.6 Comparison to Germany and Austria

<UNIT EIGHT

JAPANESE SELF-PERCEPTION

1. Group Membership

1.1 Importance

1.2 Origins

1.3 Reasons for existence today

1.4 Consequences

a. need to reach consensus

b. type of leadership

c. avoid open confrontation

GROUP CONSCIOUSNESS AS LEADING TO EXCLUSIVENESS

1. Creation of exclusiveness

1.1 Many books on Japanese identity

1.2 Culture and language

1.3 Westerners are hunters, Japanese are wet-rice farmers

1.4 Individual examples

2. Consequences of Japanese belief in their own uniqueness

2.1 Why a serious problem

2.2Manifestations of the problem

2.2.1. Koreans resident in Japan

2.2.2 Foreign sex workers

2.2.3 Program against internationalization

2.2.4 General treatment of foreigners living in Japan (based on Ivan Hall's Cartels of the Mind: Japan's Intellectual Closed Shop)

a. Lawyers

b. Journalists

c. Foreign teachers

3. Official efforts to rectify Japanese exclusivity

3.1 Domestically

3.2 Internationally: Japanese foreign aid priorities

a. Human security: conflict and want

b. Environment

c. Poor countries

JAPANESE ECONOMY

HISTORY OF THE JAPANESE ECONOMY

1. Post-1868

2. Post-1945

2.1 Immediately after WW II

2.2 Population

2.3 GDP per capita

2.4 Size

2.5 Appreciation of the Japanese yen

3. Post- 1990

3.1 The "bubble economy"

a. Spectacular growth

3.2 Collapse

3.3 Recent stabilization

a. Low interest on government deficit

b. Trade surplus

c. Value added products

d. 2011 Earthquake

4. Why Japan Has Been So Successful Economically

4.1 Coordinated effort between government and industry

4.2 High rate of savings

4.3 Technological advances

4.4. Post War stimulus

4.5 Emphasis on education

4.6 Emphasis on research and development

4.7 Labor-management relations

4.8 Quality products

4.9 Lower number of employees in public sector

4.10 Low number of accountants

5. Lessons for Canada

a. Cooperation

JAPAN -- TECHNOLOGY

(The Technological Transformation of Japan by Tessa Morris Suzuki, 1994)

1. Robotics

1.1 Examples of uses

2. Japanese characteristics of development of technology

2.1 State involvement

2.1 Innovation

a. emphasis on craft or the practical

b. tradition of accumulating knowledge from domestic industry.

2.3 Network for distribution and development of technology

2.4 High-speed and quality product-development practices

2.5 Different paradigm for use of resources

<UNIT TEN

JAPANESE AESTHETICS

EARLY HISTORY

1. Importance of aesthetics

2. Aesthetics in Japanese History

2.1 Heian Period (794-1185)

-role of taste

2.2 Rise of the Samurai (1185-1600)

2.2.1 Zen

2.2.2 Beauty of Haiku

An ancient pond

A frog jumps in

The sound of water

(Bashō)

a. Simplicity

b. Images from nature

2.2.3 Qualities of haiku

a. images are from nature, therefore, universal

b. there is a lack of detail, which is a quality of minimalism

c. compression of beauty

d. there is association with the images, which evokes and stimulates the imagination

e. focus on the moment

f. sensual, experiential, non-intellectual

g. there is a twist, unexpected, which creates insight

2. 3 Tokugawa (1600-1868)

2.3.1 Samurai

2.3.2 Townspeople: new vibrant popular culture

-ukiyo 浮世"floating world"

2.3.3 Major art forms of ukiyo

a. Painting

b. Prose fiction

c. Kabuki

d. Puppet theatre (bunraku)

e. Woodblock prints (ukiyo-e)

THEMES PRESENT IN CONTEMPORARY (POST 1868) PAINTING

1. Urbanization

-alienation

-superficial stimulation

2. Search for a Japanese Identity amid Strong Western Influences

3. Artists Subjectivity

-emotion

-freedom

-individual

4. Nationalism

5. Expanding Subjective Expression

HISTORY OF MODERN JAPANESE PAINTING

(based on Modern Japanese Art, A Concise History: Gallery Guide to the Collection of the National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo, 2005)

1. At the Launch of Fine Arts Exhibition (1907)

2. Art in the Meiji (1868-1912) and Taisho (1912-1926) Periods (humanism)

3. Art of the Prewar Showa (1926-1945) Period–Artists in the Modern City

4. Art of the Prewar Showa (1926-1945) Period–Maturity of Nihonga (Japanese-style painting) and Yoga (Western-style painting)

5.Art during and after the War

6.Art in the 1950s and the 1960s

7. Contemporary Art, the 1970s and Beyond

TEA CEREMONY

KOREA: LAND, PEOPLE, RECENT HISTORY, LANGUAGE, AND SOCIAL ORDER

LAND

1. Name

2. Geography

3. Borders

4. Population

5.Climate

PEOPLE

1.Tungusic people

2. Altaic language

3. Apparel

4. Western perceptions

RECENT HISTORY

1. Relations with Japan

LANGUAGE

1. Written: Han'gul

2. Spoken

3. Grammar

SOCIAL ORDER -- SOCIAL ORDER – PATRIARCHIAL

1. Social Order: conservative and patriarchal

2. Status of patriarch

3.Father-son relations

4. Status of married women

<UNIT TWELVE>KOREA: POLITICAL ORDER, ECONOMY, AND REUNIFICATION

POLITICAL ORDER: GAP BETWEEN STATE AND SOCIETY

1. Two main historical trends

1.1 Confucian ideal that the ruler should be absolutely moral

1.2 Domination of government by the yangban (aristocrats)

2. Resulting cynicism toward leadership

3. History of the gap

a. Suppression of Korean organizations by the Japanese

b. Korean War

c. Military governments

d. Manifestations of the gap

RECENT ECONOMY: SOUTH KOREA

1. Achievements

1.1 Per capita GDP

1.2 Samsung Group

1.3 Hyundai-Kia

1.4 IT industry

2. Problems

2.1 Domination by inefficient large companies

2.2 Debt

a. Heavy reliance on loans

b. Present debt

2.3 Devaluation of currency

KOREAN REUNIFICATION

1. Past relations between North and South Korea

2. Recent developments

3. North Korea internal developments

4. Cost of unification

KOREA: POPULAR CULTURE

1. Examples of East Asian popular culture

1.1 ak48 (Japan)

1.2 Ai Weiwei (China)

2. Korean Wave

2.1 History

2.1.1 Early lack of popularity

2.1.2. Government intervention

2.1.3 Rise in popularity

a. Domestic

b. Export

c. Cultural tourism

3. Examples of Korean Popular Culture

3.1 Super Junior, “Sorry, Sorry”

3.2 Winter Sonata

3.3 Girl’s Generation Band, “Gee”

3.4 Taegugki (The Brotherhood of War)

4. How to Interpret the Rise of Korean Wave?

4.1 Cultural imperialism

4.2 Capitalistic promotion

4.3 Forum for negotiation of cultural contact