1800 Earthquake in California Est. at 6.5, Volta of Italy Invents Electric Cell, Industrial

1800 earthquake in California est. at 6.5, Volta of Italy invents electric cell, industrial revolution in England, Act of Union between Britain and Ireland, Tuberculosis outbreak in England, Tsunami in Indonesia, French retakes papal states, Population of Paris reaches 650,000, death of Italian composer Nicola Piccini, death of English poet William Cowper, death of French general Jean Baptiste Kleber, Napoleon establishes himself as first Consul in the Tuileries – French army defeats Turks at Heliopolis and advances on Cairo – defeats Austrians at Biberach Hochstadt and Hohenlinden advances on Vienna, Napoleon’s army crosses Great St. Bernard Pass – defeats Austrians at Marengo and conquers Italy, British capture Malta, US federal offices moved from Philadelphia to Washington DS with free inhabitants of 2464 and 623 slaves, Jefferson wins presidential election, Plot to assassinate Napoleon discovered in Paris, Maria Edgeworth writes gothic novel, Thomas Morton writes comedy where character Mrs. Grundy first mentioned, Jean Paul writes German novel, Schiller writes, Mme de Stael writes, Napoleon appoints committee of jurists to write up Civil Code, Cardinal Barnaba Chiaramonti elected Pope Pius VII, Fitche writes, Arnold Heeren writes about Europe’s political systems, Schelling writes about idealism, Church of United Bretheren in Christ founded in US, David paints “Mme. Recamier” portrait, Goya paints “Portrait of a Woman”, Boieldieu writes opera, Cherubini writes opera in Paris, Humphrey Davy writes about nitrous oxide, German physician F.J. Gall founds practice of phrenology, William Herschel discovers existence of infrared solar rays, Royal College of Surgeons in London founded, Richard Trevithick constructs light-pressure steam engine, Alessandro Volta produces electricity from cell – first battery of zinc and copper plates, Eli Whitney makes muskets with interchangeable parts, Grossglockner in the Austrian Alps first scaled, letter post introduced in Berlin, Ottawa founded, Robert Owen takes over New Lanark mills and starts social reforms, Populations Paris 550,000 New York 60,000 Bill Richmond a former slave becomes popular boxer, 1 million African-Americans, Former slave Toussaint L’Ouverture establishes Haiti – first independent Latin American state, Napoleon establishes Society to Encourage French inventors, Alessandro Volta develops electric battery, D.C. becomes U.S. Capitol, Erasmus Darwin publishes on plant physiology, Lamarck proposes evolution and coins “biology”, France forces Spain to return Louisiana, Volta invents electric battery, Russia annexes Georgia, Battles of Marengo and Hohenlinden – French defeat Austrians, Pope Pius VII to 1823,

1801 Central Assembly of St. Dominique (Haiti) appoints Toussaint L’Ouverture governor, First rail locomotive, end of era of William Pitt the Younger as British Prime Minister, beginning of reign of Czar Alexander I of Russia, Matthew Flinders begins to circumnavigate Australia , Thomas Jefferson delivers inaugural address, death of German painter Daniel Chodowiecki, death of Italian composer Domenico Cimarosa, death of American painter Ralph Earle, death of Hungarian poet Sandor Kisfaludi, death of German poet Novalis, death of Paul I of Russia, Act of Union of Great Britain and Ireland comes into force, Peace of Luneville between Austria and France marks the actual end of the HRE, Thomas Jefferson inauguration, Czar Paul I assassinated and succeeded by Alexander I, Nelson defeats Danes off Copenhagen, Prussians march into Hanover, English enter Cairo – French troops leave Egypt which the Turks recover, Chateaubriand writes novel, Kotzebue writes comedy, Schiller writes, Robert Southey writes poem, K.F. Gauss writes regarding math, Hegel and Schelling write philosophy, David paints “Napoleon au Grand Saint-bernard”, Goya paints “The Two Majas”, Beethoven writes ballet, Haydn’s “The Seasons” oratorio completed, M.F.X. Bichat writes book of general anatomy, American civil engineer Robert Fulton produces first submarine “The Nautilis”, J.J. Lalande catalogues over 47,000 stars, Bank of France founded, European populations: Italy 17.2 million, Britain 10.4 million Spain 10.5 million, London 864 k, Paris 574k Vienna 231 K Berlin 183 k, First iron trolley tracks in Croydon-Wandsworth ENG, Union Jack becomes official flag of UK, Victoria Regia (Queen of the Night) discovered in Amazon Territory, France invades Austria, Alexander I becomes Tsar of Russia, Toussaint L’Ouverture rules Haiti, Act of Union joins Ireland and Britain making UK, Islamic kingdom of Sokoto founded in West Africa, Treaty of Luneville between France and Austria leads to break-up of HRE, France gains left bank of Rhine and keeps most of Italy, Concordat between Bonaparte and Pius VII, Alexander Tsar of Russia to 1825

1802 Emperor Gia-Long begins reign in Vietnam, Worlds first steam ship <i>Charlotte Dundas</i> built in Scotland, death of German philosopher Franz Aepinus, death of Erasmus Darwin the English scientist and poet, death of English painter George Romney, death of American jurist John Lowell, Napoleon becomes president of Italian Republic (formerly Cisalpine) – creates order of Legion of Honor – becomes first Consul for Life – annexes Piedmont Parma and Piacenza, Peace of Amiens between Britain and France, France suppresses Negro rebellion in Santo Domingo led by Toussaint-L’Ouverture, Sir Walter Scott writes, Mme. De Stael writes novel, Jeremy Bentham writes about legislation, G.F. Grotefend deciphers Babylonian cuneiform, Schelling writes, Daniel Webster writes about neutral nations in war, Canova sculpts Napoleon Bonaparte, Period of Classical Empire style, Gerars paints “Madame Recamier”, Beethoven composes, J.N. Forkel writes about life of J.S. Bach, John Dalton introduces atomic theory into chemistry, death of Erasmus Darwin the English scientist, William Herschel discovers binary stars, German naturalist Gottfried Treviranus coins term “biology”, Englishmen John Truter and William Somerville explore in Bechuanaland, “Peerage” published in London, Duke of Richmond introduces horse racing in Goodwood, “Health and Morals of Apprentices” act in Britain, Alexander von Humboldt almost climbs Mount Chimborao in Ecuador, West India Docks in London built, Victor Hugo born, storm in Norway kills 26, Treaty of Amiens creates temporary peace in Europe, Watchmaker argument for creation proposed, Thomas Paine returns to the US from adventures in Europe, End of second coalition wars against France, Napoleon re-enslaves black Hatians, Napoleon’s troops in West decimated by malaria – 29,000/33,000 die, First child labor laws in Britain – unenforced, Napoleon created First Consul, Portuguese explorers cross Africa from West to East, Matthew Flinders circumnavigates Australia to 1803, Treaty of Amiens between Britain and France, Bonaparte made Consul for Life,

1803 Second Maratha war disrupts India 2 years, circumnavigation of Australia by Matthew Flinders complete – he names it, Napoleonic War between Britain and France until 1815, end of Italian Este line (from 1135), death of German poet Johann Wilhelm Gleim, death of American Revolutionary Statesman Samuel Adams, death of German poet Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, death of Pierre A.F. Choderlos de Lachos the French novelist, death of German author Johann Gottfried von Herder, death of Italian dramatist Vittorio Alfieri, Swiss cantons regain independence (Act of Mediation), Ohio becomes state, US buys Louisiana Putchase, Renewal of war between France and Britain, French complete occupation of Hanover, Robert Emmet leader of Irish July rebellion executed, Second Mahratta War against Sindhia of Gwalior who submits to the British, Jane Porter writes historical novel, Schiller writes tragedy, Greek patriot Adamantois Coraes publishes about modern Greece, death of German philosopher Herder, Joseph Lancaster writes about education, Henry Raeburn paints “The Macnab” portrait, Turner’s “Calais Pier” exhibited, Benjamin West paints “Christ Healing the Sick”, Beethoven composes sonata, death of Franz Xavier Sussmayer the Austrian composer who completed Mozart’s Requiem, Claude Berthollet writes about chemistry, J.J. Berzelius discovers cerium, Lazare Carnot writes about the physics of movement, Robert Fulton powers boat by steam, Lamarck writes about the physical body, Henry Shrapnel invents explosive shell, Building of Calcedonian Canal begins, Technical college in Prague founded, SC reopens ports to African slave trade, using W Indies and Latin American blacks, British win final Maratha War in Central India, Louisiana Purchase, Louisiana Purhase, Ohio beomes 17th North Amerian state, Settlers begin to arrive in Tasmania, War between Britain and France,

1804 NJ passes emancipation law, Haiti becomes independent under Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Lemuel Haynes receives honorary master’s degree from Middlebury College VT, Fulani begins jihad in N Nigeria, Russian envoy visits Nagasaki Japan and tries to negotiate treaty – fails, First oil lamps made in England (designed by French), Napoleon becomes emperor of French at Notre Dame, Lewis and Clark begin expedition – Prince George becomes obsessed with out-showing Napoleon, death of Immanuel Kant German philosopher, death of Jacques Necker the Swiss economist, Alexander Hamilton killed in duel by Aaron Burr, death of English painter George Morland, end of suspension of Habeas Corpus Act in Britain, The Duc d’Enghien executed for a plot against Napoleon, Napoleon proclaimed emperor by Senate and Tribunate and in crowned in presence of Pope Pius VII in Paris, War breaks out between East India Company and Holkar of Indore – ends with defeat of Holkar’s army, Francis II assumes title of Emperor of Austria as Francis I, 12 Amendment added to US constitution, Spain declares war on Britain, Napoleonic general Jean Bernadotte becomes Marshal of France, Schiller writes “Wilhelm Tell” in Weimar, British and Foreign Bible Society founded in London, Code Napoleon promulgated, Thomas Brown writes about cause and effect, death of Immanuel Kant, death of English painter George Morland, English Water Colour Society founded, Beethoven composes, Thomas Bewick completes “History of British Birds”, death of English chemist Joseph Priestly, English scientist W.H. Wollaston finds palladium in platinum, first dahlias in England, Hobart Tasmania founded, Lewis and Clark expedition starts, Jean-Jacques Dessalines declares Saint Domingue independent and restores the original name of Haiti, Napoleon crowned Emperor, Haitian independence, Lewis and Clark begin expedition, Napoleonic legal code, Fossils now considered to be older than humans, Battle of Sitka as Russians defeat Tlingit in Alaska, Full Haitian independence, Third coalition against France made to subdue Napoleon, End of First Republic of France Bonaparte crowns self Emperor, Serbian nationalists revolt in Turkey to 1815, Meriwether Lewis and William lark explore north-western US, Empire in France to 1814, Persia and Russia at war over annexation of Georgia, Serbian nationalists revolt against Turks in modern Yugoslavia – suppressed 1813, English inventor Richard Trevithick builds first successful steam locomotive, Third Coalition formed by Britain, Russia, Austria and Sweden against France

1805 Mungo Park explores Niger river W Africa, Mohammed Ali rules Egypt and Egypt breaks away from Ottoman empire, end of second Maratha War in India, Battles of Trafalgar (British victory) and Austerlitz (French), death of French painter Jean Baptiste Greuze, death of English sculptor Thomas Banks, death of Italian composer Luigi Boccherini, death of British admiral Horatio Nelson, death of German actor A.W. Iffland, Jan - 24 inches of snow falls in a two day storm in NY, Arthur Wellesley later Duke of Wellington resigns in India, Start of Jefferson’s second term, Treaty of St. Petersburg by Britain and Russia against France joined by Austria, Napoleon crowned as King of Italy in Milan Cathedral, Battle of Austerlitz – Napoleonic victory over Austro-Russian forces, Peace of Pressburg between Austria and France – Austria gives up the Tirol and all her Italian possessions – Bavaria and Wurttemberg become kingdoms – Baden becomes a grand duchy, Establishment of modern Egypt – Mehmet Ali proclaimed Pasha, Break between Britain and US over trade with West Indies, Chateaubriand writes romantic novel, writer Schiller dies, Walter Scott writes, Robert Southey writes, Hosea Ballou writes about the Atonement, Lord Liverpool writes about British coins, Goya paints “Dona Isabel CObos de Procal”, Philipp Otto Runge paints “The Morning”, Beethoven writes opera in Vienna, death of Italian composer Luigi Boccerini, Paganini begins to tour Europe as violin virtuoso, Rockets reintroduced as weapons into the British army, Mungo Park undertakes second expedition up Niger River, F.W.A. Sarturner isolates morphine, Napoleon abandons French revolutionary calendar, Pestalozzi school at Yverdun Switzerland Total state expenditure of Great Britain listed as 62.8 million pounds, Third Coalition battles napoleon, Ali becomes Pasha of Egypt, Treaty with Chickasaw tribe, England under Horatio Nelson destroys French and Spanish fleet at Trafalgar – Napoleon wins Battle of Austerlitz defeating Austria, Third coalition against France, Christian literature forbidden in China, Mohammed Ali appointed pasha of Egypt, Mungo Park explores Niger River, Battle of Ulm – F rench defeats Austrians, Mohammed Ali appointed pasha of Egypt by Selim III Sultan of Turkey, Unitarian takeover of Harvard

1806 Goldau Valley Landslide, Mungo Park explores Niger River, W Africa, Napoleon brings HRE to an end, End of Lewis and Clark expedition, Imam Sayyid Said begins to rule Oman, Cyclone hits Dominica, Yellow Fever hits Martinique, Landslide in Switzerland, death of English painter George Stubbs, death of American Revolutionary general Horatio Gates, death of French painter Jean Honore Fragonard, death of US statesman Robert Morris, death of Charles Augustin de Coulomb French philosopher, death of English architect Henry Holland, death of Henry Knox the American Revolutionary leader, death of English cabinetmaker Thomas Sheraton, death of Japanese painter Kitagawa Utamaro, death of Spanish composer Vincente Martin y Soler the Spanish composer, death of British statesman William Pitt the Younger, death of Emperor Francis II, British occupy Cape of Good Hope, death of William Pitt the Younger, death of Charles James Fox British foreign secretary, Joseph Bonaparte named King of Naples, Louis Bonaparte named King of Holland, Britain blockades French coast, Prussia declares war on France, Following victories at Jena and Auerstadt Napoleon enters Berlin Napoleon’s Berlin Decree begins “Continental System” closing Continental ports to British vessels, French army under Murat enters Warsaw, Confederation of Rhine founded, official end of the HRE, Peace of Posen – Saxony made a kingdom, Burr plot in the US, Arnim and Brentano collects German folk songs, Goethe marries Christiane Vulpis, Kleist writes village comedy, Jane and Ann Taylor write nursery rhymes, J.C. Adelung writes “Mithridates a History of Languages and Dialects”, Fichte writes, Institut de France created by combining academies, James Madison writes about British trade, Napoleon establishes organization for Jews in France, Population of Germany reaches 27 million, Brera Gallery in Milan opens, Claude Clodion begins Arc de Triomphe in Paris, death of Fragonard, Thorvaldsen sculpts “Hebe”, death of Japanese portrait painter Kitagawa Utamaro, David Wilke paints “Village Politicians”, Beethoven composes, Rossini’s first opera produced in Rome, Humphrey Davy discovers electrolytic method for preparing potassium and soda, P.A. Latrelle writes about insects and crustaceans, Sir Francis Beaufort composes scale (0-12) to indicate wind strength, British cotton industry employs 90,000 factory workers and 184,000 weavers, Beginning of building of Dartmoor Prison in England, First Gentlemen v. Players cricket match, Napoleon dissolves Holy Roman Empire, End of Lewis and Clark expedition, death of Japanese painter Kitagawa Utamaro, Napoleon I abolishes Holy Roman Empire – Confederation of the Rhine replaces, Emperor Francis II becomes Francis I of Austria to 1835, Battles of Jena and Auerstadt – Prussia defeated by French – led to change of education of soldiers in Prussia, Berlin Decreed by Napoleon to attempt economic blockaid of Britain, Turkey at war with Russia and Britain, Wars of Independence begin in South America, Britain takes over Cape Colony in South Africa, Louis Bonaparte (brother) becomes King of Holland, First Lancaster school opened in New York City