Name: Date:

Test Review

“Mendel, Modern Genetics, HUMAN GENETICS, HEREDITY, and Biotechnology”

Vocabulary

1. Directions: Briefly write the definition of the terms below.

  • Stem Cells
  • Cloning
  • Heredity
  • Monohybrid cross
  • Dihybrid cross
  • Selective breeding
  • Parental generation
  • F1 generation
  • F2 Generation
  • Alleles
  • Dominant
  • Recessive
  • Homozygous
  • Heterozygous
  • Genotype
  • Phenotype
  • Law of Segregation
  • Law of Independent assortment
  • Punnett Square
  • Test cross
  • Pedigree

Name ______

fill in practice

1. What does the figure below represent? Explain each step of the process.

2. What does the figure to the rightrepresent? Explain each step of the process.

3. Explain the concepts illustrated below.

A.

B.

C.


Brahman Cattle:
Good resistance to heat but poor beef. /
English Shorthorn Cattle:
Good beef but poor heat resistance. /
Santa Gertrudis Cattle:
Formed by Crossing Brahman and English shorthorns; has good heat resistance and beef.

Explain the concept illustrated below.

D.

4. The history of genetics “unpacked” four complex patterns of heredity. They are (A) codominance, (B) incomplete dominance, (C) multiple alleles, (D) polygenic traits, and (E) traits influenced by the environment. Match each of the preceding with the correct passage or figure below.

_____ The ABO blood group is determined

by three alleles IA, IB, and i.

______Soil acidity determines the

color of Hydrangea (flower),

resulting colors range from blue to pink.

______Two dominant alleles are expressed at the same time.

Full color (C), white (c), light-gray or chinchilla (cch) and white with black points or a Himalayan (ch). Full color is dominant to all the other alleles. Chinchilla is dominant to Himalayan and white.

______

______More than one gene influences a trait.

______Intermediate traits are exhibited.

5. Explain how the picture to the right demonstrates Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment.

6. Explain how the picture to the left demonstrates Mendel’s Law of Segregation.

7. Circle the text below that represents an argument for genetic screening / gene manipulation, underline the opposing argument.

There is probably no force in a society more powerful than the acquisition of information. As modern genetics probes deeper and deeper into the essence of the human genome, the science of genetics will come to possess an information base with power and opportunity for use undreamed of only a few years ago.

With great power comes great responsibility. Genetic intervention techniques such as genetic engineering, human gene therapy, and genetic screening raise many questions. Since these techniques change the flow of information at the level of molecules, the level of individuals, and at the level of societies it is wise to consider to what extent we want to apply these technologies and to reflect on what changes we are seeking. Genetic screening for disorders for which a successful therapy exists have been in place for many years. All states of the United States routinely screen newborns for PKU, an inherited disorder for which a carefully monitored diet provides amelioration. But the increasing ability to detect the presence of more and more defective genes has re-energized the ongoing debate about the ethics of diagnosing genetic disorders prenatally, after birth, and in adults. For example, a disorder such as Alzheimer's disease which produces no symptoms until it strikes as early as age 45, or in the case of kidney disease which produces no symptoms until adulthood and even then progresses slowly. This ability to detect genetic conditions before symptoms arise, susceptibility to genetic diseases such as alcoholism, or the ability to identify carriers of recessively inherited conditions such as cystic fibrosis, poses new challenges to the ethical frameworks that had previously been established to deal with controversial detection programs. One of the problems posed by recent developments in molecular genetics is the actual definition of what constitutes a "disease." There is precedent for defining deviations from the statistical norm, such as high blood pressure or obesity, as "disease." The use of genetic screening by insurance companies is a scare for many people. Knowing you are susceptible to breast cancer or diabetes would be invaluable to an insurance company looking for ways to screen out riskier candidates and thus keep costs down - and profits up. But, thirty states have already passed laws prohibiting such screening for jobs and insurance. Thankfully, because everyone is susceptible to one disease or another. But will that statement ring true forever?

8. What is the chart below called? In this case what is it meant to represent (dominant or recessive disorder)? Develop a punnet square that could have also been used to advise the parents of the affected children (marked with a star).

9. Name the biotechnology technique to the left. Identify two practical applications for this technology. What is significant about the bands?

10. Using the figure below identify which is male which is female. What are these diagrams called? Are they healthy or unhealthy people? Explain.

11. Explain how the phenomena of gene linkage conflicts with Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment?

MULTIPLE CHOICE

  1. The diagram below represents a homologous pair.The letters Band b represent genes for a certain trait.
    These letters also represent

A) genes for sex determination

B) homozygous genes

C) an allelic pair of genes

D) linked genes

  1. The appearance of a recessive trait in offspring of animals most probably indicates that

A) one parent was homozygous dominant and the other parent was hybrid for that trait

B) neither parent carried a recessive gene for that trait

C) both parents carried at least one recessive gene for that trait

D) one parent was homozygous dominant and the other parent was homozygous recessive for that trait

  1. Which technique is used to alter bacteria in such a way that they produce human insulin?

A) hydrolysis

B) DNA replication

C) genetic screening

D) recombinant DNA formation

  1. A human DNA segment was inserted into a bacterial cell and became incorporated alto the bacterial DNA. This technique is an example of

A) genetic engineering

B) cloning

C) genetic counseling

D) artificial selection

  1. In many humans, exposing the skin to sunlight over prolonged periods of time results in the production of more pigment by the skin cells (tanning). This change in skin color provides evidence that

A)ultraviolet light can cause mutations

B)gene action can be influenced by the environment

C)the inheritance of skin color is an acquired characteristic

D)albinism is a recessive characteristic

Two groups of 100 corn seeds were planted in two separate containers of soil and watered regularly. Group I was grown in light for 4 weeks and group 11 was grown in the dark for 2 weeks and then in the light for 2 weeks. The color of the seedlings was recorded after each 2-week period. Light was the only variable in the experiment. The results are summarized in the data table below.

  1. This experiment demonstrates that

A) water and fertilizer are important for seed germination

B) the environment interacts with genes in the expression of an inherited trait

C) the principles of genetics apply only to plants and not to animals

D) heat should have been provided along with carbon dioxide for proper growth