Name: ______Date:______

Mrs. Yip-Chen

Unit 1: Planet Earth

How can we measure Earth?

  1. What are the types of models?

Models - ______

  1. Physical models -______
  2. Laboratory models -______
  3. Mental models - ______
  4. Mathematical models - ______
  5. Graphic models - ______

*Why do we use models?______

  1. What are the 3 early evidences of Earth’s spherical shape?

Oblate - ______

Circumference - ______

A) Evidences of Earth’s Spherical Shape

  1. ______
  2. ______
  3. ______

B) Who was Eratosthenes and how did he contribute to Earth’s spherical shape? ______

______

______

  1. What isEarth’s structure?

Sphere - ______

  1. Atmosphere (*See ESRT p. 14) - ______

a)Troposphere:

1. ______

2. ______

3. ______

4. ______

b)Stratosphere:

1. ______

2. ______

3. ______

c)Mesosphere:

1. ______

d)Thermosphere:

1. ______

2. ______

  1. Hydrosphere – ______

____ % Saltwater / ____ % Fresh Water
  1. Lithosphere - ______

Geosphere - ______

  1. Earth’s Layers (*See ESRT p.10)

How did scientists infer the layers of Earth’s interior? ______

  1. Crust: ______
  2. Mantle: ______
  3. Outer Core: ______
  4. Inner Core: ______

* As you go in deeper into Earth, temperature and pressure ______.

  1. How do we find locations on Earth?

Long ago, scientists developed a coordinate system- ______

______

Axis - ______

Equator - ______

Prime Meridian- ______

International Date Line - ______

Meridians - ______

A)Latitude - ______

Parallels of latitude -______

How can you determine latitude without a map? ______

** Angle of Altitude of Polaris in the sky = ______

Example:

B)Longitude - ______

How can you determine longitude without a map? (See p.29 in Review Book) ______

______

** 1 Hour difference = ____ ° change on longitude (U.S. time zones are created based on this formula.)

How are degrees written? (Divisions of Angles)

a)One degree = Ex.

b)One minute =Ex.

Greenwich Mean Time - ______

  1. How can we understand Earth’s topography?

Field - ______

1)What are isolines?

______

2)Types of Isolines:

Isobars - ______

Isotherms - ______

Contour lines - ______

3)What is a topographic map (contour map) and relief? ______

______

4)How can we interpret topographic maps?

Contour Interval – difference in elevation between 2 ______lines

Depression contour – shows where land has a hole, crater, or ______

Hachured lines

Index contour – a darker contour line, labeled with a ______

70 is the index contour

Gradient or Slope – rate of change for a field value

Gradient = change in value

change in distance

  • higher gradient = ______slope = isolines are closer together
  • lower gradient = ______slope = isolines are further apart

Example: * side A has a steeper slope and higher gradient

Common features on Topographic Maps

Hill/KnollDepressionRidge

CliffRiver

* Contour lines shaped like a “V”;

Contour lines point where the water is coming from (upstream);

* Water always flows downhill.

5)What is a profile?

Profile - ______

6)What is a map scale and azimuth?

______

Azimuth - ______

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