Name: ______Page | 5

SFR 457/557
Tree Pests and Disease
Final Exam Fall 2013

Remember – use your answers to cover the lecture material and demonstrate that you understand it. Points per questions will be based on information contained within answers given by most students.

PART 1: 40 points

  1. (4 pts) What is an effective control strategy for the forest tent caterpillar in a sugar maple sugar bush? Justify your recommendation based on the predisposing factors.
  2. (2 pts) What can be monitored to assess forest tent caterpillar populations? Describe or draw, and justify your selection (1 reason).
  3. (4 pts) What is an effective control strategy for “Sudden Oak Death” or “Ramorum Blight” incited by Phytophthora ramorum? This is for the coastal of forests of California where tanoak grows. Justify your recommendation based on the predisposing factors.
  4. (2 pts) What can be monitored to assess the presence of Ramorum Blight? Describe or draw, and justify your selection (1 reason).
  5. (4 pts) What is an effective control strategy for improving the health of ponderosa pine forests in Arizona? Justify your recommendation based on the predisposing factors.
  6. (2 pts) How is climate change affecting at least 1 pest of the ponderosa pine forests?
  7. (4 pts) What is an effective control strategy for Butternut Canker in its natural habitat in New England? Justify your recommendation based on the predisposing factors.
  8. (2 pts) What can be monitored to assess the presence of Butternut Canker? Describe or draw, and justify your selection (1 reason).
  9. (4 pts) What is an effective control strategy for dealing with Sugar Maple Decline in the northern Allegheny Plateau? Justify your recommendation based on the predisposing factors.
  10. (2 pts) What can be monitored to assess the presence of Sugar Maple decline that involved acidic precipitation? Describe and justify your selection (1 reason).
  11. (4 pts) What is an effective control strategy for dealing with Emerald Ash Borer in Maine? Justify your recommendation based on the predisposing factors.
  12. (2 pts) What can be monitored to assess the presence of Emerald Ash Borer? Describe and justify your selection (1 reason).
  13. (4 pts) Which disease complex from the whole semester did you find most interesting? Why?


PART 2: 50 points

You need to SELECT FOUR QUESTIONS to answer. Place a check mark next to the question you want to answer. Use separate sheets for the answers.

OR

____ check here to accept the grade from Exam 1 as the grade for this part of the exam.

Check Box
1.  What is a diseased tree? How does it differ from a healthy tree? Justify your answers using Darwinian concepts.
2.  How can disease concepts be applied to assessing the health of a forest?
3.  What causes disease? Explain.
4.  What are major predisposing factors for disease? You can consider a wide range of factors including climate, stand dynamics, forest ecology, etc. Justify your selection.
5.  Explain the difference between a predisposing factor and an inciting factor.
Also, explain the difference between an inciting factor and a secondary (contributing) factor. Why is it important to distinguish between the 3 factors?
6.  What is the strategy for assessing whether a stress is involved in causing disease? Explain
7.  What are the most effective control measures for fungi but not insects? Why is this true?
What are the most effective control measures for insects but not fungi? Why is this true?
Which approaches work for both? Why? Population dynamics is an important basis for answering these questions.


PART 3: 50 points

You need to SELECT THREE QUESTIONS to answer. Place a check mark next to the question you want to answer. Use separate sheets for the answers.

OR

____ check here to accept the grade from Exam 2 as the grade for this part of the exam.

Check Box
1.  We have studied disease complexes involving a rust fungus (Cronartium ribicola), Ascomycota (Cryphonectria parasitica and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi) and a phytoplasma (elm yellows). When looking at the life cycle of all four pathogens, what trends do you recognize as being common to these pathogens? What are some unique adaptations?
2.  Spruce budworm and gypsy moth both defoliate trees. Explain the similarities and differences between the 2 disease complexes associated with these insects. Examine the insect biology/life cycle, the predisposing/inciting/contributing factors, and control options.
3.  Balsam woolly adelgid and beech bark disease both involve insects that depend on getting food from living cells. Explain the similarities and differences between the 2 disease complexes associated with these insects.
4.  Dwarf mistletoe and fusiform rust involve biotrophic pathogens that depend on getting food from living cells. Explain the similarities and differences between the 2 disease complexes associated with these pathogens
5.  Southern pine beetle and Dutch elm disease both involve bark beetles from the family Scolytideae. Explain the differences and similarities in how the insects have evolved strategies for maintaining a healthy population on their host species.