Electronic Supplementary Material 2

Table showing selection of Generalised Linear Mixed Models (GLMMs) for the five key response behaviours of elephant matriarchs and their family groups to playbacks of lion roaring. Age of the matriarch is entered as a continuous variable. The best model (see Material and Methods for model selection) for each behavioural category is highlighted in bold text.

Dependent Variable / Model / AIC
Matriarch Prolonged Listening / Lion No. + Lion Sex
Lion No. + Lion Sex + Mat Age
Lion No. + Lion Sex + Mat Age + Mat Age * Lion No.
Lion No. + Lion Sex + Mat Age + Mat Age * Lion Sex
Lion No. + Lion Sex + Mat Age + Mat Age * Lion No. + Mat Age * Lion Sex / 83.4
83.5
82.8
81.5
81.8
Matriarch Bunching / Lion No. + Lion Sex
Lion No. + Lion Sex + Mat Age
Lion No. + Lion Sex + Mat Age + Mat Age * Lion No.
Lion No. + Lion Sex + Mat Age + Mat Age * Lion Sex
Lion No. + Lion Sex + Mat Age + Mat Age * Lion No. + Mat Age * Lion Sex / 88.5
88.8
90.8
80.4
81.8
Matriarch Bunching Intensity / Lion No. + Lion Sex
Lion No. + Lion Sex + Mat Age
Lion No. + Lion Sex + Mat Age + Mat Age * Lion No.
Lion No. + Lion Sex + Mat Age + Mat Age * Lion Sex
Lion No. + Lion Sex + Mat Age + Mat Age * Lion No. + Mat Age * Lion Sex / 105.6
106.5
108.5
93.2
95.0
Matriarch Approach / Lion No. + Lion Sex
Lion No. + Lion Sex + Mat Age
Lion No. + Lion Sex + Mat Age + Mat Age * Lion No.
Lion No. + Lion Sex + Mat Age + Mat Age * Lion Sex
Lion No. + Lion Sex + Mat Age + Mat Age * Lion No. + Mat Age * Lion Sex / 67.9
67.6
68.0
64.1
65.0
Group to Matriarch / Lion No. + Lion Sex
Lion No. + Lion Sex + Mat Age
Lion No. + Lion Sex + Mat Age + Mat Age * Lion No.
Lion No. + Lion Sex + Mat Age + Mat Age * Lion Sex
Lion No. + Lion Sex + Mat Age + Mat Age * Lion No. + Mat Age * Lion Sex / 80.3
79.7
79.4
77.1
76.5